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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2026, Vol. 18 Issue (7): 1213-1231    DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.07.003    
Research article     
Diversity, structure, and network relationships of microbial communities in different areas of the upper reaches of the Jinghe River, China
ZHUANG Chanyu1, LI Xueqin2, LIU Xigang2, PAN Yaqing2, Gyrat AZMAT1, YAN Xingfu1, KANG Peng1,*()
1 School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2 College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China
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Abstract  

The Jinghe River, as one of the rivers flowing into the Yellow River, China, exhibits ecosystem vulnerability to agricultural activities and urbanization. However, the impact of agricultural activities and urbanization process on the physical-chemical properties and microbial community structure in its upper reaches has not been fully documented. This study selected three distinct sections along the upper Jinghe River: the Liupan Mountains Nature Reserve (upstream), agricultural area (midstream), and urbanized area (downstream). Through combined analysis of river physical-chemical parameters with high-throughput sequencing of bacterial and fungal communities, the results indicated significant increases in river water electrical conductivity (19.60%) and ammonium nitrogen content (170.74%) from the protected area to the urban section. Conversely, significant decreases were observed in total carbon (31.74%), total organic carbon (32.60%), dissolved organic carbon (27.91%), and nitrate nitrogen concentrations (53.44%). The abundance-based coverage estimation (ACE) index of bacteria was significantly higher in urban areas than in the protected area. The ACE index of fungi and the relative abundance of Proteomycota and Ascomycota were significantly higher in the protected area than in the urban area. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed higher complexity in the microbial network within the protected area and greater modularity in agricultural area, whereas the network structure in the urban area was simplified, indicating weakened network stability due to human disturbance. Furthermore, the abundance and distribution of Acidobacteriota were significantly and negatively correlated with river carbon components (P<0.01), highlighting its crucial potential role in carbon cycling. This research aims to elucidate changes in water physical-chemical characteristics, microbial community structure, diversity, and interaction networks under human influence, providing a scientific basis for water resource management and ecological conservation in arid areas.

Key words： physical-chemical properties      microbial community      co-occurrence network      Acidobacteriota      human disturbance     
Received: 08 November 2025      Published: 31 July 2026
Corresponding Authors: *KANG Peng (E-mail: kangpeng@nmu.edu.cn)
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Conceptualization: ZHUANG Chanyu, KANG Peng, PAN Yaqing; Methodology: ZHUANG Chanyu, KANG Peng; Investigation: ZHUANG Chanyu, KANG Peng, PAN Yaqing, LI Xueqin, Gyrat AZMAT; Formal analysis: LIU Xigang, LI Xueqin, Gyrat AZMAT; Writing - original draft preparation: ZHUANG Chanyu, KANG Peng; Writing - review and editing: ZHUANG Chanyu, PAN Yaqing; Funding acquisition: YAN Xingfu. All authors approved the manuscript.
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ZHUANG Chanyu
LI Xueqin
LIU Xigang
PAN Yaqing
Gyrat AZMAT
YAN Xingfu
KANG Peng
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ZHUANG Chanyu, LI Xueqin, LIU Xigang, PAN Yaqing, Gyrat AZMAT, YAN Xingfu, KANG Peng. Diversity, structure, and network relationships of microbial communities in different areas of the upper reaches of the Jinghe River, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2026, 18(7): 1213-1231.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.07.003     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2026/V18/I7/1213

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the upper reaches of the Jinghe River (a) and pictures of sampling sections (b-d)
Fig. 2 Differences in physical-chemical indicators of water bodies in different sections of the Jinghe River. (a), pH; (b), EC (electrical conductivity); (c), TC (total carbon); (d), TIC (total inorganic carbon); (e), DOC (dissolved organic carbon); (f), TN (total nitrogen); (g), NO3‒-N (nitrate nitrogen); (h), NH4+-N (ammonium nitrogen); (i), DON (dissolved organic nitrogen), (j), DOC:DON ratio. The abbreviations are the same in the following figures. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different river sections at P<0.050 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 3 Shannon and abundance-based coverage estimation (ACE) indices of bacterial (a and b) and fungal (c and d) community diversity, as well as the correlation between microbial diversity and physical-chemical indicators (e) in different sections of the Jinghe River. In Figure 3a-d, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different river sections at P<0.050 level. Bars are standard errors. *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
Fig. 4 NMDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) analysis of microbial community structure of bacteria (a) and fungi (b) in different sections of the Jinghe River, and the impact of environmental factors on NMDS of bacterial (c) and fungal (d) communities. MSE, mean squared error. *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level.
Fig. 5 Relative abundance of the top 10 phyla of bacteria (a) and fungi (b) in different river sections. (c), explanatory variation of environmental factors for dominant microbial phyla; (d), correlation and importance of environmental factors associated with dominant microbial phyla. In Figure 5d, circle size represents the importance of each variable and background color indicates the strength and direction of the correlation.
Fig. S1 Comparison of relative abundance of the top 10 bacterial phyla in different sections of the Jinghe River. (a), Proteobacteria; (b), Firmicutes; (c), Bacteroidota; (d), Verrucomicrobiota; (e), Actinobacteriota; (f), Acidobateriota; (g), Desulfobacterota; (h), Cynobacterial; (i), Myxococcota; (j), Chloroflexi. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different river sections at P<0.050 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. S2 Comparison of relative abundance of the top 7 fungal phyla in different sections of the Jinghe River. (a), Ascomycota; (b), Chytridiomycota; (c), Rozellomycota; (d), Basidiomycota; (e), Mortierellymycota; (f), Blastocladiomycota; (g), Mucoromycota. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different river sections at P<0.050 level. Bars are standard errors.
Topological feature Upstream Midstream Downstream
Total nodes 1437 1014 919
Total edges 5823 2986 2583
Positive edges 4303 1782 1539
Negative edges 1520 1204 1044
Modularity 0.7212 0.7813 0.7184
Average path length 5.5749 6.0973 6.1227
Graph diameter 14.6461 13.8583 18.4355
Graph density 0.0056 0.0058 0.0061
Clustering coefficient 0.4012 0.4163 0.3790
Betweenness centralization 0.0136 0.0281 0.0368
Degree centralization 0.0180 0.0120 0.0255
Table 1 Network topology characteristics of water bodies in different river sections
Fig. 6 Co-occurrence networks of bacteria and fungi in the upstream (a), midstream (b), and downstream (c) of the Jinghe River. The circle represents the node of the bacteria, and the triangle represents the node of the fungi, and different colors represent different phyla.
Fig. 7 Analysis of Acidobacteriota community structure, significance, and taxonomic composition in different sections of the Jinghe River. (a), PCA (principal component analysis) result; (b), correlation analysis between relative abundance of Acidobacteriota and NCI (niche competition index); (c), phylogenetic tree of Acidobacteriota taxonomic units and correlations with environmental factors. PC, principal component.
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