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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2024, Vol. 16 Issue (6): 816-833    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0058-3
Research article     
Spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem services and driving factors in the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve of Xinjiang, China
ZHU Haiqiang1,2,3, WANG Jinlong4, TANG Junhu4, DING Zhaolong4, GONG Lu4,*()
1Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Xingjiang's Historical and Cultural Tourism, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
2College of Tourism, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
3Ecological Postdoctoral Research Station, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
4College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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Abstract  

Nature reserves play a significant role in providing ecosystem services and are key sites for biodiversity conservation. The Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve (TBPNR), located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, is an important ecological barrier area in the temperate arid zone. The evaluation of its important ecosystem services is of great significance to improve the management level and ecological protection efficiency of the reserve. In the present study, we assessed the spatiotemporal variations of four ecosystem services (including net primary productivity (NPP), water yield, soil conservation, and habitat quality) in the TBPNR from 2000 to 2020 based on the environmental and social data using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model. In addition, the coldspot and hotspot areas of ecosystem services were identified by hotspot analysis, and the trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services were analyzed using factor analysis in a geographic detector. During the study period, NPP and soil conservation values in the reserve increased by 48.20% and 25.56%, respectively; conversely, water yield decreased by 16.56%, and there was no significant change in habitat quality. Spatially, both NPP and habitat quality values were higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part, whereas water yield showed an opposite trend. Correlation analysis revealed that NPP showed a synergistic relationship with habitat quality and soil conservation, and exhibited a trade-off relationship with water yield. Water yield and habitat quality also had a trade-off relationship. NPP and habitat quality were affected by annual average temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), respectively, while water yield and soil conservation were more affected by digital elevation model (DEM). Therefore, attention should be paid to the spatial distribution and dynamics of trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services in future ecological management. The findings of the present study provide a reference that could facilitate the sustainable utilization of ecosystem services in the typical fragile areas of Northwest China.

Key words： net primary productivity (NPP)      water yield      soil conservation      habitat quality      Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model      geographic detector      Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve     
Received: 04 January 2024      Published: 30 June 2024
Corresponding Authors: *GONG Lu (E-mail: gonglu721@163.com)
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ZHU Haiqiang
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DING Zhaolong
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ZHU Haiqiang, WANG Jinlong, TANG Junhu, DING Zhaolong, GONG Lu. Spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem services and driving factors in the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve of Xinjiang, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(6): 816-833.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0058-3     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I6/816

Fig. 1 Overview of the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve (TBPNR) based on digital elevation model (DEM). The boundary of the study area was extracted from the National Geomatics Center of China (http://www.ngcc.cn/).
Category Indicator Resolution Time period Brief introduction Data source
Environmental
factors		 NDVI 30 m 2000, 2010,
2020		 The dataset is based on the
Google Earth Engine cloud
computing platform, with
an annual temporal resolution.		 National Science &
Technology Infrastructure
(http://www.nesdc.org.cn)
NPP 500 m 2000, 2010,
2020		 Obtained by multiplying by
a scaling factor of 0.0001.		 Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center
(https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/data)
DEM 30 m - Data used for factor analysis
in a geographic detector.		 Geospatial Data Cloud
(http://www.gscloud.cn)
Temperature 1000 m 2000, 2010,
2020		 Merging monthly temperature
into annual average temperature
for factor analysis in a
geographic detector.		 National Earth System
Science Data Center
(http://loess.geodata.cn)
Evapotranspiration 1000 m 2000, 2010,
2020		 Used for the calculation of
water yield.
Soil type and
texture		 500 m - Including soil root depth,
organic matter content, and silt,
sand, clay contents.		 Harmonized World Soil Database
(http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn)
Precipitation 1000 m 2000, 2010,
2020		 Combining monthly values into
annual value for subsequent
analysis.		 National Earth System Science Data Centre (http://loess.geodata.cn)
Social factors Lengths of roads
in the reserve		 - 2000, 2010,
2020		 Used for the calculation
of habitat quality.		 Open street map
(https://www.openstreetmap.
org)
LUCC 30 m 2000, 2010,
2020		 Used for analyzing land transfer
matrixes. The land use
classification in the study area
is based on the primary
classification standards of
LUCC established by the
Chinese Academy of Sciences.		 Resource and Environmental
Science Data Center of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://www.resdc.cn)
Table 1 Description of the data sources
Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of ecosystem services in the TBPNR in 2000, 2010, and 2020. (a1-a3), NPP (net primary productivity); (b1-b3), water yield; (c1-c3), soil conservation; (d1-d3), habitat quality.
Fig. 3 Distribution of ecosystem services in the TBPNR at different altitudinal gradients in 2000, 2010, and 2020. (a), NPP; (b), water yield; (c), soil conservation; (d), habitat quality.
Ecosystem service 2000 2010 2020 Rate of change from 2000 to 2020 (%)
NPP (g C/m2) 193.08 230.32 286.15 48.20
Water yield (mm) 71.43 176.85 59.60 -16.56
Soil conservation (t/hm2) 20.89 12.86 26.23 25.56
Habitat quality 0.664 0.652 0.653 -1.657
Table 2 Changes of four ecosystem services in the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve (TBPNR) from 2000 to 2020
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of the coldspots and hotspots of ecosystem services in the TBPNR in 2000, 2010, and 2020. (a1-a3), NPP; (b1-b3), water yield; (c1-c3), soil conservation; (d1-d3), habitat quality.
Area type Area proportion (%)
NPP Water yield Soil conservation Habitat quality
2000 2010 2020 2000 2010 2020 2000 2010 2020 2000 2010 2020
Hotspot 53.62 56.72 57.09 16.77 22.38 15.87 24.48 11.88 13.56 65.49 67.73 69.56
Coldspot 39.98 41.13 38.32 76.00 32.77 29.52 13.06 18.59 25.51 26.86 23.99 27.87
Table 3 Proportions of the coldspot and hotspot areas of ecosystem services in the TBPNR in 2000, 2010, and 2020
NPP Habitat quality Water yield Soil conservation
NPP 1.000
Habitat quality 0.534** 1.000
Water yield -0.506** -0.829** 1.000
Soil conservation 0.296** -0.126 0.053** 1.000
Table 4 Correlation coefficients between ecosystem services in the TBPNR
Fig. 5 Factor analysis on q values of drivers influencing ecosystem services in the TBPNR. (a), NPP; (b), water yield; (c), soil conservation; (d), habitat quality. q denotes the explanatory power of the drivers on ecosystem services and their trade-off and synergistic relationships, with a value closer to 1.0000 indicating a higher explanatory power.
Fig. 6 Factor analysis on q values of drivers influencing the trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services in the TBPNR. (a), habitat quality-NPP; (b), habitat quality-soil conservation; (c), habitat quality-water yield; (d), NPP-soil conservation; (e), NPP-water yield; (f), soil conservation-water yield.
Fig. 7 Land use transition matrix of the TBPNR from 2000 to 2020. The values in the figure represent the transition areas between land-use types (unit: hm2).
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