Spatiotemporal analysis of drought variability based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal

doi:10.1007/s40333-021-0065-6

Journal of Arid Land

2021, Vol. 13

Issue (5): 433-454 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0065-6

Research article

Spatiotemporal analysis of drought variability based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal

Nirmal M DAHAL¹^,², XIONG Donghong¹^,³^,⁴^,^*(

), Nilhari NEUPANE⁵, Belayneh YIGEZ¹^,², ZHANG Baojun¹^,³^,⁴, YUAN Yong¹^,², Saroj KOIRALA¹^,², LIU Lin¹^,², FANG Yiping¹

¹Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³Branch of Sustainable Mountain Development, Kathmandu Center for Research and Education, CAS-TU, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
⁴Sino-Nepal Joint Research Centre for Geography, IMHE-TU-YNU, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
⁵International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Lalitpur, GPO 3226, Nepal

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Abstract

Drought is an inevitable condition with negative impacts in the agricultural and climatic sectors, especially in developing countries. This study attempts to examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought and its trends in the Koshi River Basin (KRB) in Nepal, using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) over the period from 1987 to 2017. The Mann-Kendall test was used to explore the trends of the SPEI values. The study illustrated the increasing annual and seasonal drought trends in the KRB over the study period. Spatially, the hill region of the KRB showed substantial increasing drought trends at the annual and seasonal scales, especially in summer and winter. The mountain region also showed a significant increasing drought trend in winter. The drought characteristic analysis indicated that the maximum duration, intensity, and severity of drought events were observed in the KRB after 2000. The Terai region presented the highest drought frequency and intensity, while the hill region presented the longest maximum drought duration. Moreover, the spatial extent of drought showed a significant increasing trend in the hill region at the monthly (drought station proportion of 7.6%/10a in August), seasonal (drought station proportion of 7.2%/10a in summer), and annual (drought station proportion of 6.7%/10a) scales. The findings of this study can assist local governments, planners, and project implementers in understanding drought and developing appropriate mitigation strategies to cope with its impacts.

Key words： drought duration drought intensity drought severity standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index mountains hills Terai

Received: 01 June 2020 Published: 10 May 2021

Corresponding Authors:

About author: *XIONG Donghong (E-mail: dhxiong@imde.ac.cn)

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	M DAHAL Nirmal
	Donghong XIONG
	NEUPANE Nilhari
	YIGEZ Belayneh
	Baojun ZHANG
	Yong YUAN
	KOIRALA Saroj
	Lin LIU
	Yiping FANG

Cite this article:

Nirmal M DAHAL, XIONG Donghong, Nilhari NEUPANE, Belayneh YIGEZ, ZHANG Baojun, YUAN Yong, Saroj KOIRALA, LIU Lin, FANG Yiping. Spatiotemporal analysis of drought variability based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(5): 433-454.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0065-6 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I5/433

Fig. 1 Overview of the Koshi River Basin (KRB), Nepal (a) as well as the distributions of weather stations in the KRB (b)

Table 1 Major climate features of the mountain, hill and Terai regions (derived from the selected districts) of the Koshi River Basin (KRB), Nepal

Table 2 Details of the weather stations selected from different regions in the KRB, Nepal

Table 3 Classification of drought based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) values

Fig. 2 Annual variation of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) values at the 12-month time scale at the regional (a-c) and basin (d) levels of the KRB from 1987 to 2017. The trend of the SPEI per decade (Mann-Kendall test) and the statistical level of significance are also shown.

Fig. 3 Seasonal variation in the SPEI values at the 3-month time scale at the regional (a-f) and basin (g and h) levels of the KRB from 1987 to 2017. The trend of the SPEI per decade (Mann-Kendall test) and the statistical level of significance are also shown. NS, not significant.

Table 4 Summary of the duration, severity, and intensity of drought events identified from the SPEI values at the 3-month time scale from 1987 to 2017 at the regional and basin levels of the KRB

Table 5 Mann-Kendall (M-K) trends in drought station proportion series calculated from the SPEI values at the 3-month time scale at the regional and basin levels of the KRB from 1987 to 2017

Table 6 M-K trends of seasonal and annual precipitation and temperature at the regional and basin levels of the KRB from 1987 to 2017


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