Response of C:N:P in the plant-soil system and stoichiometric homeostasis of <i>Nitraria tangutorum</i> leaves in the oasis-desert ecotone, Northwest China

doi:10.1007/s40333-021-0019-z

Journal of Arid Land

2021, Vol. 13

Issue (9): 934-946 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0019-z

Research article

Response of C:N:P in the plant-soil system and stoichiometric homeostasis of Nitraria tangutorum leaves in the oasis-desert ecotone, Northwest China

WEI Yajuan¹^,², DANG Xiaohong¹^,²^,³, WANG Ji¹^,²^,³^,^*(

), GAO Junliang⁴, GAO Yan¹^,²

¹Institute of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
²Key Laboratory of State Forest Administration for Desert Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hohhot 010018, China
³Inner Mongolia Hangjin Desert Ecological Research Station, Erdos 017400, China
⁴Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou 015200, China

Download:

HTML

PDF(697KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas are widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid desert areas of China. The formation and development of N. tangutorum nebkhas are the result of the interaction between vegetation and the surrounding environment in the process of community succession. Different successional stages of N. tangutorum nebkhas result in differences in the community structure and composition, thereby strongly affecting the distribution of soil nutrients and ecosystem stability. However, the ecological stoichiometry of N. tangutorum nebkhas in different successional stages remains poorly understood. Understanding the stoichiometric homeostasis of N. tangutorum could provide insights into its adaptability to the arid and semi-arid desert environments. Therefore, we analyzed the stoichiometric characteristics of N. tangutorum in four successional stages, i.e., rudimental, developing, stabilizing, and degrading stages using a homeostasis model in an oasis-desert ecotone of Northwest China. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents and their ratios in the 0-100 cm soil depth were significantly lower than the averages at regional and global scales and were weakly influenced by successional stages in the oasis-desert ecotone. TN and TP contents and C:N:P in the soil showed similar trends. Total carbon (TC) and TN contents in leaves were 450.69-481.07 and 19.72-29.35 g/kg, respectively, indicating that leaves of N. tangutorum shrubs had a high storage capacity for C and N. Leaf TC and TN contents and N:P ratio increased from the rudimental stage to the stabilizing stage and then decreased in the degrading stage, while the reverse trend was found for leaf C:N. Leaf TP content decreased from the rudimental stage to the degrading stage and changed significantly in late successional stages. N:P ratio was above the theoretical limit of 14, indicating that the growth of N. tangutorum shrubs was limited by P during successional stages. Leaf N, P, and N:P homeostasis in four successional stages was identified as ''strictly homeostasis''. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soil acidity (pH) and the maximum water holding capacity were the main factors affecting C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics in N. tangutorum leaves. Our study demonstrated that N. tangutorum with a high degree of stoichiometric homeostasis could better cope with the arid desert environment.

Key words： nebkhas ecological stoichiometry ecological adaptability successional stages arid area

Received: 29 December 2020 Published: 10 September 2021

Corresponding Authors: WANG Ji E-mail: wangji1957@163.com

	Service
	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	WEI Yajuan
	DANG Xiaohong
	WANG Ji
	GAO Junliang
	GAO Yan

Cite this article:

WEI Yajuan, DANG Xiaohong, WANG Ji, GAO Junliang, GAO Yan. Response of C:N:P in the plant-soil system and stoichiometric homeostasis of Nitraria tangutorum leaves in the oasis-desert ecotone, Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(9): 934-946.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0019-z OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I9/934

Fig. 1 Mean precipitation and temperature in different years (a) and months (b) of the study area

Table 1 Characteristics of Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas in different successional stages

Fig. 2 Stoichiometric characteristics of C (a), N (b), and P (c) and their ratios (d-f) at different soil depths and successional stages. SOC, soil organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus; bars indicate standard deviations. Different uppercase letters represent significant differences among different successional stages within the same soil depth (P<0.05 level); and different lowercase letters represent significant differences among different soil depths within the same successional stage (P<0.05 level).

Table 2 Stoichiometric characteristics of leaf total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) and their ratios in different successional stages

Fig. 3 Relationships between log₁₀-transformed nutrient contents and stoichiometry of N and P in the leaves of N. tangutorum in different successional stages

Fig. 4 Redundancy analysis result of relationships between leaf C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics and soil physical-chemical factors. SOC, soil organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen; TC, total carbon; TP, total phosphorus.

Table 3 Importance sequencing and Duncan's test of soil physical-chemical factors

Table 4 Partical fraction in the topsoil of Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas in different successional stages


[1]	Abbas M, Ebeling A, Oelmann Y, et al. 2013. Biodiversity effects on plant stoichiometry. PLoS ONE, 8(3):1-11.

[2]	Aerts R. 1996. Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials, Are there general patterns? Journal of Ecology, 84(4):597-608. doi: 10.2307/2261481

[3]	Bai X J, Wang B R, An S S, et al. 2019. Response of forest species to C:N:P in the plant-litter-soil system and stoichiometric homeostasis of plant tissues during afforestation on the Loess Plateau, China. CATENA, 183:1-9.

[4]	Bao S D. 2010. Soil and Agriculture Chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 152-200. (in Chinese)

[5]	Cao C Y, Abulajiang Y S W J, Zhang Y, et al. 2016. Assessment of the effects of phytogenic nebkhas on soil nutrient accumulation and soil microbiological property improvement in semi-arid sandy land. Ecological Engineering, 91:582-589. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.03.042

[6]	Du J H, Yan P H, Ding L G, et al. 2009. Soil physical and chemical properties of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas surface at different development stages in Minqin Oasis. Journal of Desert Research, 29(2):248-253. (in Chinese)

[7]	Du J H, Yan P, Dong Y X. 2010. The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20(5):712-728. doi: 10.1007/s11442-010-0806-5

[8]	Elser J J, Sterner R W, Gorokhova E, et al. 2000a. Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 3(6):540-550. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2000.00185.x

[9]	Elser J J, Fagan W F, Denno R F, et al. 2000b. Nutritional constraints in terrestrial and freshwater food webs. Nature, 408(6812):578-580. doi: 10.1038/35046058

[10]	Elser J J, Acharya K, Kyle M, et al. 2003. Growth-rate stoichiometry couplings in diverse biota. Ecology Letters, 6(10):936-943. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00518.x

[11]	Elser J J, Bracken M E S, Cleland E E, et al. 2007. Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 10(12):1135-1142. doi: 10.1111/ele.2007.10.issue-12

[12]	Eziz M, Yimit H, Mohammad A, et al. 2010. Oasis land-use change and its effects on the oasis eco-environment in Keriya Oasis, China. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 17(3):244-252. doi: 10.1080/13504500903211871

[13]	Frost P C, Elser J J. 2002. Growth responses of littoral mayflies to the phosphorus content of their food. Ecology Letters, 5(2):232-240. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00307.x

[14]	Gong X W, Lv G H, Ma Y, et al. 2017. Ecological stoichiometry characteristics in the soil under crown and leaves of two desert halophytes with soil salinity gradients in Ebinur Lake Basin. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 53(4):28-36. (in Chinese)

[15]	Gu Q, Zamin T J, Grogan P. 2017. Stoichiometric homeostasis: a test to predict tundra vascular plant species and community-level responses to climate change. Arctic Science, 3(2):320-333. doi: 10.1139/as-2016-0032

[16]	Güsewell S. 2005. High nitrogen: phosphorus ratios reduce nutrient retention and second-year growth of wetland sedges. New Phytologist, 166(2):537-550. pmid: 15819916

[17]	Han W X, Fang J Y, Guo D L, et al. 2005. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across 753 terrestrial plant species in China. New Phytologist, 168(2):377-385. doi: 10.1111/nph.2005.168.issue-2

[18]	He J S, Fang J Y, Wang Z H, et al. 2006. Stoichiometry and large-scale patterns of leaf carbon and nitrogen in the grassland biomes of China. Oecologia, 149(1):115-122. doi: 10.1007/s00442-006-0425-0

[19]	Hesp P. 1983. Morphodynamics of incipient foredunes in New South Wales, Australia. Developments in Sedimentology, 38:325-342.

[20]	Jiang L L, He S, Wu L F, et al. 2014. Characteristics of stoichiometric homeostasis of three plant species in wetlands in Minjiang estuary. Wetland Science, 12:293-298.

[21]	Kattge J, Diaz S, Lavorel S, et al. 2011. TRY-a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology, 17(9):2905-2935. doi: 10.1111/gcb.v17.9

[22]	Khalaf F I, Misak R, Al-Dousari A. 1995. Sedimentological and morphological characteristics of some nabkha deposits in the northern coastal plain of Kuwait, Arabia. Global Change Biology, 29(3):267-292.

[23]	Koerselman W, Meuleman A F. 1996. The vegetation N:P ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33(6):1441-1450. doi: 10.2307/2404783

[24]	Koojiman S A L M. 1995. The stoichiometry of animal energetics. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 177(2):139-149. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1995.0232

[25]	Li C J, Lei J Q, Xu X W, et al. 2013. The stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, P for artificial plants and soil in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(18):5760-5767. (in Chinese) doi: 10.5846/stxb

[26]	Li J C, Zhao Y F, Liu H X, et al. 2016. Sandy desertification cycles in the southwestern Mu Us Desert in China over the past 80 years recorded based on nebkha sediments. Aeolian Research, 20:100-107. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.12.003

[27]	Li J C, Zhao Y F, Han L Y, et al. 2017. Moisture variation inferred from a nebkha profile correlates with vegetation changes in the southwestern Mu Us Desert of China over one century. The Science of the Total Environment, 598:797-804. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.145

[28]	Li Q H, Xu J, Li H Q, et al. 2013. Effects of aspect on clonal reproduction and biomass allocation of layering modules of Nitraria tangutorum in nebkha dunes. PloS ONE, 8(10):1-6.

[29]	Li S L, Zuidema P A, Yu F H, et al. 2010. Effects of denudation and burial on growth and reproduction of Artemisia ordosica in Mu Us sandland. Ecological Research, 25(3):655-661. doi: 10.1007/s11284-010-0699-x

[30]	Li T, Deng Q, Yuan Z Y, et al. 2015. Latitudinal changes in plant stoichiometric and soil C, N, P stoichiometry in Loess Plateau. Environmental Science, 36(8):2988-2996. (in Chinese)

[31]	Li W, Zhong J Y, Yuan G X, et al. 2017. Stoichiometric characteristics of four submersed macrophytes in three plateau lakes with contrasting trophic statuses. Ecological Engineering, 99:265-270. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.11.059

[32]	Liu R T, Zhao H L, Zhao X Y, et al. 2011. Facilitative effects of shrubs in shifting sand on soil macro-faunal community in Horqin Sand Land of Inner Mongolia, Northern China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 47(5):316-321. doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.07.006

[33]	Luo W C, Zhao W Z, Liu B. 2016. Growth stages affect species richness and vegetation patterns of nebkhas in the desert steppes of China. CATENA, 137:126-133. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2015.09.011

[34]	Mao D L, Lei J Q, Zeng F J, et al. 2014. Characteristics of wind erosion and deposition in oasis-desert ecotone in southern margin of Tarim Basin, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 24(6):658-673. doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0725-y

[35]	Mendes G D, Galvez A, Vassilev M, et al. 2017. Fermentation liquid containing microbially solubilized P signiﬁcantly improved plant growth and P uptake in both soil and soilless experiments. Applied Soil Ecology, 117:208-211.

[36]	Munns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59:651-681. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911 pmid: 18444910

[37]	Niklas K J, Cobb E D. 2005. N, P, and C stoichiometry of Eranthis hyemalis (Ranunculaceae) and the allometry of plant growth. American Journal of Botany, 92(8):1256-1263. doi: 10.3732/ajb.92.8.1256 pmid: 21646146

[38]	Persson J, Fink P, Goto A, et al. 2012. To be or not to be what you eat: Regulation of stoichiometric homeostasis among au-totrophs and heterotrophs. Oikos, 119(5):741-751. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18545.x

[39]	Piaszczyk W, Bionska E, Lasota J, et al. 2019. A comparison of C:N:P stoichiometry in soil and deadwood at an advanced decomposition stage. CATENA, 179:1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.03.025

[40]	Reich P B, Oleksyn J. 2004. Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(30):11001-11006.

[41]	Ren C J, Zhao F Z, Kang D, et al. 2016. Linkages of C:N:P stoichiometry and bacterial community in soil following afforestation of former farmland. Forest Ecology and Management, 376:59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.004

[42]	Ren H Y, Xu Z W, Huang J H, et al. 2015. Increased precipitation induces a positive plant-soil feedback in a semi-arid grassland. Plant and Soil, 389(1/2):211-223. doi: 10.1007/s11104-014-2349-5

[43]	Romanyà J, Blanco-Moreno J M, Sans F X. 2017. Phosphorus mobilization in low-parable soils may involve soil organic C depletion. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 113:250-259. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.06.015

[44]	Rong Q Q, Liu J T, Cai Y P, et al. 2015. Leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of Tamarix chinensis Lour. in the Laizhou Bay coastal wetland, China. Ecological Engineering, 76:57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.002

[45]	Schindler D W. 2003. Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. Nature, 423(6937):225-226.

[46]	Sterner R W, Elser J J. 2002. Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 225-226.

[47]	Su Y Z, Zhao W Z, Su P X, et al. 2007. Ecological effects of desertification control and desertified land reclamation in an oasis-desert ecotone in an arid region: a case study in Hexi Corridor, Northwest China. Ecological Engineering, 29(2):117-124. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.10.015

[48]	Tengberg A. 1995. Nebkha dunes as indicators of wind erosion and land degradation in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso. Journal of Arid Environments, 30(3):265-282. doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80002-3

[49]	Tengberg A, Chen D L. 1998. A comparative analysis of nebkhas in central Tunisia and northern Burkina Faso. Geomorphology, 22(2):181-192. doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00068-8

[50]	Tian H Q, Chen G S, Zhang C, et al. 2010. Pattern and variation of C:N:P ratios in China's soils: a synthesis of observational data. Biogeochemistry, 98(1-3):139-151. doi: 10.1007/s10533-009-9382-0

[51]	Wang H, Cai Y, Yang Q, et al. 2019. Factors that alter the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers on the fertile island in a desert-oasis ecotone. Science of the Total Environment, 697:1-10.

[52]	Wang J, Wang J, Guo W, et al. 2018. Stoichiometric homeostasis, physiology, and growth responses of three tree species to nitrogen and phosphorus addition. Trees, 32(5):1377-1386. doi: 10.1007/s00468-018-1719-7

[53]	Wang J N, Wang J Y, Wang L, et al. 2019. Does stoichiometric homeostasis differ among tree organs and with tree age? Forest Ecology and Management, 453:1-6.

[54]	Wang L L, Zhao G X, Li M, et al. 2015. C:N:P stoichiometry and leaf traits of halophytes in an arid saline environment, Northwest China. PLoS ONE, 10(3):1-16.

[55]	Wang N, Gao J, Zhang S Q, et al. 2014. Variations in leaf and root stoichiometry of Nitraria tangutorum along aridity gradients in the Hexi Corridor, northwest China. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 7(3):308-314. doi: 10.1134/S1995425514030123

[56]	Wang X Y, Ma Q L, Jin H J, et al. 2019. Change in characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen during the succession of Nitraria tangutorum in an arid desert area. Sustainability, 11(4):2-15. doi: 10.3390/su11010002

[57]	Xiao F Y, Gao G Y, Shen Q, et al. 2019. Spatio-temporal characteristics and driving forces of landscape structure changes in the middle reach of the Heihe River Basin from 1990 to 2015. Landscape Ecology, 34(4):755-770. doi: 10.1007/s10980-019-00801-2

[58]	Xing W, Wu H, Shi Q, et al. 2015. Multielement stoichiometry of submerged macrophytes across Yunnan plateau lakes (China). Scientific Reports, 5:1-9.

[59]	Xu X F, Thornton P E, Post W M. 2013. A global analysis of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22(6):737-749. doi: 10.1111/geb.12029

[60]	Yang H T, Li X R, Liu L C, et al. 2014. Soil water repellency and influencing factors of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas at different succession stages. Journal of Arid Land, 3(6):300-310. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1227.2011.00300

[61]	Yu Q, Chen Q, Elser J J, et al. 2010. Linking stoichiometric homoeostasis with ecosystem structure, functioning and stability. Ecology Letters, 13(11):1390-1399. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01532.x

[62]	Yu Q, Elser J J, He N P, et al. 2011. Stoichiometric homeostasis of vascular plants in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Oecologia, 166(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00442-010-1902-z

[63]	Zhang P J, Yang J, Song B Y, et al. 2009. Spatial heterogeneity of soil resources of Caragana tibetica community. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 33(2):338-346. (in Chinese)

[64]	Zhang P J, Yang J, Zhao L Q, et al. 2011. Effect of Caragana tibetica nebkhas on sand entrapment and fertile islands in steppe-desert ecotones on the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. Plant and Soil, 347(1-2):79-90. doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0813-z

[65]	Zhou H, Zhao W Z, Luo W C, et al. 2015. Species diversity and vegetation distribution in nebkhas of Nitraria tangutorum in the desert steppes of China. Ecological Research, 30(4):735-744. doi: 10.1007/s11284-015-1277-z

[1]	Benjamin DAVIDSON, Elli GRONER. An arthropod community beyond the dry limit of plant life[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(6): 629-638.

[2]	Abdulrahim M AL-ISMAILI, Moustafa A FADEL, Hemantha JAYASURIYA, L H Janitha JEEWANTHA, Adel AL-MAHDOURI, Talal AL-SHUKEILI. Potential reduction in water consumption of greenhouse evaporative coolers in arid areas via earth-tube heat exchangers[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(4): 388-396.

[3]	ZHANG Yongkun, HUANG Mingbin. Spatial variability and temporal stability of actual evapotranspiration on a hillslope of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(2): 189-204.

[4]	Nadia KAMALI, Hamid SIROOSI, Ahmad SADEGHIPOUR. Impacts of wind erosion and seasonal changes on soil carbon dioxide emission in southwestern Iran[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(4): 690-700.

[5]	Zahra JAFARI, SayedHamid MATINKHAH, Mohammad R MOSADDEGHI, Mostafa TARKESH. Evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation methods on the growth and survival of tree seedlings in an arid climate[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(3): 495-507.

[6]	XU Lili, YU Guangming, ZHANG Wenjie, TU Zhenfa, TAN Wenxia. Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(1): 58-72.

[7]	Jun ZHANG, Peng DONG, Haoyu ZHANG, Chaoran MENG, Xinjiang ZHANG, Jianwei HOU, Changzhou WEI. Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(3): 419-430.

[8]	Pingping XUE, Xuelai ZHAO, Yubao GAO, Xingdong HE. *Phenotypic plasticity of Artemisia ordosica* seedlings in response to different levels of calcium carbonate in soil**[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(1): 58-65.

[9]	Tong HENG, Renkuan LIAO, Zhenhua WANG, Wenyong WU, Wenhao LI, Jinzhu ZHANG. Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2018, 10(6): 932-945.

[10]	Mingxin ZHANG, Xinwei LU, Dongqi SHI, Huiyun PAN. Toxic metal enrichment characteristics and sources of arid urban surface soil in Yinchuan City,China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2018, 10(4): 653-662.

[11]	ZHOU Zhengchao, ZHANG Xiaoyan, GAN Zhuoting. Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen after 26 years of farmland management on the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2015, 7(6): 806-813.

[12]	ZHOU Lu, SHI Lei. Amphibian and reptilian distribution patterns in the transitional zone between the Euro-Siberian and Central Asia Subrealms[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2015, 7(4): 555-565.

[13]	FeiLong HU, WenKai SHOU, Bo LIU, ZhiMin LIU, Carlos A BUSSO. Species composition and diversity, and carbon stock in a dune ecosystem in the Horqin Sandy Land of northern China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2015, 7(1): 82-93.

[14]	HaoTian YANG, XinRong LI, LiChao LIU, YanHong GAO, Gang LI, RongLiang JIA. *Soil water repellency and influencing factors of Nitraria tangutorun* nebkhas at different succession stages**[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2014, 6(3): 300-310.

[15]	QingLing GENG, PuTe WU, QingFeng ZHANG, XiNing ZHAO, YuBao WANG. Dry/wet climate zoning and delimitation of arid areas of Northwest China based on a data-driven fashion[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2014, 6(3): 287-299.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed