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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (5): 502-520    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0056-2
Research article     
Spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in Xinjiang, Northwest China
HUANG Xiaoran1,2, BAO Anming1,3,4,*(), GUO Hao5, MENG Fanhao6, ZHANG Pengfei7, ZHENG Guoxiong1,2, YU Tao1,2, QI Peng8, Vincent NZABARINDA1,2, DU Weibing9
1State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
4China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Higher Education Commission, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
5School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276800, China
6College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
7Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
8Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
9School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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Abstract  

Glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change and are undergoing significant changes in mid-latitudes. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in the period of 1990-2015 in 4 different mountainous sub-regions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Northwest China: the Bogda Peak and Karlik Mountain sub-regions in the Tianshan Mountains; the Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region in the Karakorum Mountains; and the Youyi Peak sub-region in the Altay Mountains. The standardized snow cover index (NDSI) and correlation analysis were used to reveal the glacier area changes in the 4 sub-regions from 1990 to 2015. Glacial areas in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions in the period of 1990-2015 decreased by 57.7, 369.1, 369.1, and 170.4 km², respectively. Analysis of glacier area center of gravity showed that quadrant changes of glacier areas in the 4 sub-regions moved towards the origin. Glacier area on the south aspect of the Karlik Mountain sub-region was larger than that on the north aspect, while glacier areas on the north aspect of the other 3 sub-regions were larger than those on the south aspect. Increased precipitation in the Karlik Mountain sub-region inhibited the retreat of glaciers to a certain extent. However, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak and Youyi Peak sub-regions were not sensitive to the increased precipitation. On a seasonal time scale, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions were mainly caused by accumulated temperature in the wet season; on an annual time scale, the correlation coefficient between glacier area and annual average temperature was -0.72 and passed the significance test at P<0.05 level in the Karlik Mountain sub-region. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for water resources management in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China in the context of global warming.

Key words： glacier area change      normalized snow cover index (NDSI)      climate change      remote sensing      Altay Mountains      Tianshan Mountains      Karakorum Mountains     
Received: 13 October 2021      Published: 31 May 2022
Fund:  This study was sponsored by the National Key Research & Development Program of China(2017YFB0504204);the K.C. Wong Education Foundation(GJTD-2020-14);the International Collaboration Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(131965KYSB20200029);the New Water Resources Strategic Research Project in Southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China(403-1005-YBN-FT6I-8)
Corresponding Authors: *:BAO Anming (E-mail: baoam@ms.xjb.ac.cn)
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HUANG Xiaoran
BAO Anming
GUO Hao
MENG Fanhao
ZHANG Pengfei
ZHENG Guoxiong
YU Tao
QI Peng
Vincent NZABARINDA
DU Weibing
Cite this article:

HUANG Xiaoran, BAO Anming, GUO Hao, MENG Fanhao, ZHANG Pengfei, ZHENG Guoxiong, YU Tao, QI Peng, Vincent NZABARINDA, DU Weibing. Spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(5): 502-520.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0056-2     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I5/502

Fig.1 Overview of major mountain ranges in Xinjiang and Landsat images of the selected 4 sub-regions (the Bogda Peak sub-region, the Karlik Mountain sub-region, the Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region, and the Youyi Peak sub-region). The Landsat images were downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (http://www.glovis.usgs.gov). Note that the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Sub-region Strip number Imaging date Sensor Cloud
(%)		 Resolution
(m)		 NDSI extraction
threshold
Bogda Peak 142/30 26 Jul 1992 TM 6 30 0.00-0.95
142/30 16 Jul 1994 TM 0 30 0.00-0.95
142/30 13 Sep 1998 TM 8 30 0.10-0.92
142/30 2 Sep 2000 TM 1 30 0.10-1.00
142/30 5 Sep 2004 ETM+ 1 30 0.10-0.97
142/30 29 Aug2007 ETM+ 1 30 0.05-0.89
142/30 13 Aug 2010 TM 0 30 0.10-1.00
142/30 13 Aug 2012 ETM+ 0 30 0.10-0.98
142/30 1 Sep 2014 TM 13 30 0.10-1.00
Karlik Mountain 138/30 2 Sep 1992 TM 0 30 0.00-0.93
138/30 21 Aug 1994 TM 0 30 0.00-1.00
138/30 10 Aug 1996 TM 0 30 0.00-0.95
138/30 2 Sep 2000 TM 1 30 0.00-0.94
138/30 24 Aug 2001 TM 16 30 0.00-0.98
138/30 28 Sep 2002 TM 1 30 0.00-0.99
138/30 22 Aug 2006 TM 0 30 0.00-0.93
138/30 11 Aug 2008 TM 0 30 0.00-0.95
138/30 4 Aug 2014 O LI 0 30 0.00-0.92
Yinsugaiti Glacier 148/35 24 Oct 1992 TM 25 30 0.10-0.92
148/35 26 Jul 1994 TM 14 30 0.20-1.00
148/35 20 Sep 1997 TM 2 30 0.10-0.94
148/35 2 Sep 2000 TM 1 30 0.00-0.94
148/35 21 Jul 2001 ETM+ 6 30 0.35-0.92
148/35 14 Aug 2004 ETM+ 1 30 0.10-0.94
148/35 27 Nov 2007 ETM+ 6 30 0.10-0.94
148/35 23 Aug 2010 TM 0 30 0.10-0.94
148/35 10 Oct 2013 ETM+ 2 30 0.30-1.00
148/35 25 Jul 2014 ETM+ 4 30 0.20-1.00
Youyi Peak 144/26 25 Aug 1989 TM 10 30 0.30-0.94
144/26 28 Aug 1993 TM 0 30 0.20-0.96
144/26 26 Aug 1998 TM 5 30 0.00-0.95
144/26 7 Aug 2000 ETM+ 7 30 0.20-0.93
144/26 18 Aug 2004 ETM+ 15 30 0.40-1.00
144/26 12 Sep 2007 ETM+ 0 30 0.40-1.00
144/26 13 Aug 2008 ETM+ 17 30 0.50-1.00
144/26 7 Sep 2011 ETM+ 0 30 0.20-0.94
144/26 10 Sep 2015 OLI 1 30 0.00-0.92
Table 1 Details of the Landsat images (from 1990 to 2015) used in this study
Fig. 2 Comparison of the calculated glacier area from Gaofen-1 satellite image and the extracted glacier area from Landsat image in the Bogda Peak sub-region in 2014
Fig. 3 Extracted glacier boundary results for the 4 sub-regions from 1992 to 2015.
(a), Bogda Peak sub-region; (b), Karlik Mountain sub-region; (c), Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region; (d), Youyi Peak sub-region.
Fig. 4 Glacier area and its retreat rate in the 4 sub-regions from 1992 to 2015. The bar chart presents the glacier area and line graph presents the glacier area retreat rate.
Fig. 5 Changes of the glacier area center of gravity in the 4 sub-regions from 1992 to 2015.
(a), Bogda Peak sub-region; (b), Karlik Mountain sub-region; (c), Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region; (d), Youyi Peak sub-region. Q1 represents the first quadrant, i.e., east to north; Q2 represents the second quadrant, i.e., north to west; Q3 represents the third quadrant, i.e., west to south; Q4 represents the fourth quadrant, i.e., south to east.
Fig. 6 Glacier area distribution on the different aspect directions in the 4 sub-regions in 1992.
(a), Bogda Peak sub-region; (b), Karlik Mountain sub-region; (c), Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region; (d), Youyi Peak sub-region. N, north; NE, northeast; E, east; SE, southeast; S, south; SW, southwest; W, west; NW, northwest.
Fig. 7 Glacier area change rate on the different aspects in the 4 sub-regions in the period of 1992-2015
Fig. 8 Temporal changes of annual precipitation and annual average temperature
(a) and spatial distributions of slopes of precipitation (b) and temperature (c) changes in the Bogda Peak sub-region from 1961 to 2014
Fig. 9 Temporal changes of annual precipitation and annual average temperature
(a) and spatial distributions of slopes of precipitation (b) and temperature (c) changes in the Karlik Mountain sub-region from 1961 to 2014
Fig. 10 Temporal changes of annual precipitation and annual average temperature
(a) and spatial distributions of slopes of precipitation (b) and temperature (c) changes in the Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region from 1961 to 2014
Fig. 11 Temporal changes of annual precipitation and annual average temperature
(a) and spatial distributions of slopes of precipitation (b) and temperature (c) changes in Youyi Peak sub-region from 1961 to 2014
Fig. 12 Decadal change trends of precipitation
(a) and temperature (b) in the 4 sub-regions during 1961-2010
Fig. 13 Trends of key meteorological factors in the wet season (a and b) and dry season (c and d) from 1961 to 2014
Sub-region Accumulated
temperature in the dry season		 Accumulated precipitation in the dry season Accumulated
temperature in the wet season		 Accumulated precipitation in the wet season
r P r P r P r P
Bogda Peak 0.11 0.77 -0.22 0.56 -0.87 0.00 0.20 0.60
Karlik Mountain -0.30 0.43 -0.04 0.91 -0.85 0.00 -0.09 0.82
Yinsugaiti Glacier -0.34 0.37 0.37 0.33 -0.65 0.06 -0.28 0.47
Youyi Peak 0.59 0.09 -0.21 0.59 -0.67 0.05 0.32 0.40
Table 2 Correlations of glacier area with accumulated temperature and accumulated precipitation in the dry season and wet season in the 4 sub-regions
Fig. 14 Changes of glacier area along with variations of annual precipitation (a, c, e, and g) and annual average temperature (b, d, f, and h) in the 4 sub-regions from 1961 to 2014
Sub-region Annual precipitation Annual average temperature
r P r P
Bogda Peak 0.16 0.68 -0.20 0.60
Karlik Mountain -0.10 0.80 -0.72 0.03
Yinsugaiti Glacier -0.10 0.80 -0.66 0.05
Youyi Peak -0.23 0.55 0.20 0.60
Table 3 Correlations of glacier area with annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the 4 sub- regions
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