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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (4): 460-476    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0095-3     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0095-3
    
Controlled drainage in the Nile River delta of Egypt: a promising approach for decreasing drainage off-site effects and enhancing yield and water use efficiency of wheat
Mohamed K EL-GHANNAM1, Fatma WASSAR2,3,*(), Sabah MORSY4, Mohamed HAFEZ5, Chiter M PARIHAR6, Kent O BURKEY7, Ahmed M ABDALLAH8,*()
1Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt
2Higher Institute of Water Sciences and Techniques of Gabès, University of Gabès, Gabès 6072, Tunisia
3Institute of Arid Regions, Medenine 4119, Tunisia
4Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
5Land and Water Technologies Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
6Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
7United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Services (ARS), Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina 27607, USA
8Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
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Abstract  

North Africa is one of the most regions impacted by water shortage. The implementation of controlled drainage (CD) in the northern Nile River delta of Egypt is one strategy to decrease irrigation, thus alleviating the negative impact of water shortage. This study investigated the impacts of CD at different levels on drainage outflow, water table level, nitrate loss, grain yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of various wheat cultivars. Two levels of CD, i.e., 0.4 m below the soil surface (CD-0.4) and 0.8 m below the soil surface (CD-0.8), were compared with subsurface free drainage (SFD) at 1.2 m below the soil surface (SFD-1.2). Under each drainage treatment, four wheat cultivars were grown for two growing seasons (November 2018-April 2019 and November 2019-April 2020). Compared with SFD-1.2, CD-0.4 and CD-0.8 decreased irrigation water by 42.0% and 19.9%, drainage outflow by 40.3% and 27.3%, and nitrate loss by 35.3% and 20.8%, respectively. Under CD treatments, plants absorbed a significant portion of their evapotranspiration from shallow groundwater (22.0% and 8.0% for CD-0.4 and CD-0.8, respectively). All wheat cultivars positively responded to CD treatments, and the highest grain yield and straw yield were obtained under CD-0.4 treatment. Using the initial soil salinity as a reference, the soil salinity under CD-0.4 treatment increased two-fold by the end of the second growing season without negative impacts on wheat yield. Modifying the drainage system by raising the outlet elevation and considering shallow groundwater contribution to crop evapotranspiration promoted water-saving and WUE. Different responses could be obtained based on the different plant tolerance to salinity and water stress, crop characteristics, and growth stage. Site-specific soil salinity management practices will be required to avoid soil salinization due to the adoption of long-term shallow groundwater in Egypt and other similar agroecosystems.

Key words： drainage ratio      nitrate loss      water use efficiency      yield      soil salinity      Nile River delta     
Received: 05 June 2022      Published: 30 April 2023
Corresponding Authors: *Fatma WASSAR (E-mail: fatmawassar@yahoo.fr); Ahmed M ABDALLAH (E-mail: ahmed_abdallah@agr.dmu.edu.eg)
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Mohamed K EL-GHANNAM
Fatma WASSAR
Sabah MORSY
Mohamed HAFEZ
Chiter M PARIHAR
Kent O BURKEY
Ahmed M ABDALLAH
Cite this article:

Mohamed K EL-GHANNAM, Fatma WASSAR, Sabah MORSY, Mohamed HAFEZ, Chiter M PARIHAR, Kent O BURKEY, Ahmed M ABDALLAH. Controlled drainage in the Nile River delta of Egypt: a promising approach for decreasing drainage off-site effects and enhancing yield and water use efficiency of wheat. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(4): 460-476.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0095-3     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I4/460

Fig. S1 Monthly average temperature (a) and average monthly rainfall (b) from 2016 to 2020 in Motobus District, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt
Fig. 1 Mean temperature, rainfall, and reference evapotranspiration (ET0) of the study area in the first (a) and second (b) growing seasons (i.e., during November 2018-April 2019 and during November 2019-April 2020, respectively)
Sampling depth
(cm)		 Bulk density
)g/cm3(		 pH EC
)dS/m(		 SAR
)%(		 Ks
)m/h(		 Particle size distribution Texture
Clay )%( Silt )%( Sand )%(
0-30 1.33 8.37 3.90 6.04 0.092 52.18 33.54 14.28 Silt clay
30-60 1.36 8.36 3.26 6.93 0.0341 47.54 39.80 12.66 Silt clay
60-90 1.35 8.40 3.48 7.80 0.040 43.44 18.35 38.21 Clay loam
Table 1 Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in the study area
Fig. 2 Experimental design and diagram of different treatments used in this study. (a), subsurface free drainage (SFD) at 1.2 m below the soil surface (SFD-1.2); (b), controlled drainage (CD) with drains at 1.2 m below the soil surface and connected to a weir (outlet elevation) at 0.8 m below the soil surface (CD-0.8); (c), CD with drains at 1.2 m below the soil surface and connected to a weir (outlet elevation) at 0.4 m below the soil surface (CD-0.4).
Fig. 3 Effects of CD-0.4 and CD-0.8 in comparison to SFD-1.2 on drainage outflow (a), irrigation water input (b), nitrate loss (c), and the drainage ratio (d) in the first and second growing seasons
Fig. 4 Effect of CD-0.4 and CD-0.8 in comparison to SFD-1.2 on water table level in the first (a) and second (b) growing seasons
Parameter CD-0.4 CD-0.8
First growing season Second growing season First growing season Second growing season
Water uptake from shallow groundwater (mm/season) 95.0 105.7 52.7 40.5
Percentage of groundwater contribution relative to the actual-evapotranspiration (%) 23.1 12.8 26.4 10.1
Table 2 Effect of controlled drainage in comparison to subsurface free drainage (SFD) on water uptake from shallow ground water in the first and second growing seasons (i.e., during November 2018-April 2019 and during November 2019-April 2020, respectively)
Treatment Wheat cultivar Plant height (cm) 1000-grain weight (g) Grain yield (kg/hm2) Straw yield (kg/hm2)
First growing season Second growing season First growing season Second growing season First growing season Second growing season First growing season Second growing season
CD-0.4 Sakha95 92.90a 110.40a 48.44a 42.56a 6222.07a 6643.77a 6127.00a 6900.40a
Misr3 87.33b 108.10b 47.27b 35.66b 5861.57b 6363.33c 5690.00c 6660.00b
Giza171 86.33b 103.10c 42.03c 31.84c 5792.57b 5731.90b 5850.00b 6300.00c
Sids14 78.16c 99.06d 39.49d 29.59d 5714.10b 4906.00d 5401.00d 5899.60d
Mean 96.18 105.16 44.31 34.91 5897.58 5911.00 5767.00 6440.00
CD-0.8 Sakha95 90.53a 105.22a 49.57a 41.46a 6037.90a 6275.00a 5940.00a 6870.00a
Misr3 83.80b 101.63b 47.36b 39.46b 5721.00b 5965.00b 5750.00b 6450.00b
Giza171 80.50c 98.50c 43.73c 36.70c 5570.40b 5392.00c 5701.00c 6200.00c
Sids14 75.13d 95.21d 41.47d 30.13d 5257.20c 4924.00d 5660.00d 6140.00d
Mean 82.49 100.12 45.53 36.94 5646.65 5639.00 5762.00 6415.00
SFD-1.2 Sakha95 88.20a 100.31a 51.40a 42.76a 5678.13a 6031.00a 5300.00a 6100.00b
Misr3 79.13b 95.23b 49.44b 37.61b 5544.87a 5700.80b 5050.00b 6850.00a
Giza171 76.20c 92.32c 45.31c 33.67c 5231.00b 5349.00c 4850.00c 5346.70c
Sids14 71.96d 88.80d 43.48d 30.83d 4935.07c 5662.30d 4699.00d 4999.70d
Mean 71.96 91.12 47.41 36.22 5347.27 5752.00 4975.00 5824.20
Table 3 Effects of CD-0.8 and CD-0.4 in comparison to subsurface free drainage at 1.2 m below the soil surface (SFD-1.2) on plant height, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield of the four tested wheat cultivars in the first and second growing seasons
Treatment Wheat cultivar WUE (kg/m3) IWUE (kg/m3)
First growing season Second growing season First growing season Second growing season
CD-0.4 Sakha95 1.71a 1.85a 3.36a 3.80a
Misr3 1.64b 1.77b 3.17b 3.64a
Giza171 1.62bc 1.59c 3.13c 3.28b
Sids14 1.60c 1.36f 3.09d 2.56c
CD-0.8 Sakha95 1.35d 1.45d 2.44e 2.53c
Misr3 1.28e 1.38e 2.31f 2.40c
Giza171 1.24f 1.24g 2.25g 2.27cd
Sids14 1.17g 1.14i 2.12h 1.98de
SFD-1.2 Sakha95 1.13h 1.20h 1.86i 1.89e
Misr3 1.10i 1.13j 1.82j 1.79e
Giza171 1.04j 1.06k 1.72k 1.68e
Sids14 0.98k 1.13j 1.62l 1.78e
Table 4 Effects of CD-0.4 and CD-0.8 in comparison to SFD-1.2 on water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of the four tested wheat cultivars in the first and second growing seasons
Fig. 5 (a), changes of soil salinity at different soil depths under CD-0.4, CD-0.8, and SFD-1.2 treatments compared with the initial soil salinity; (b), comparison of average soil salinity affected by CD-0.4, CD-0.8, and SFD-1.2 treatments with the initial soil salinity. Different lowercase letters in the left figure indicate significant differences among controlled drainage tenements within the same soil depth at P≤0.05 level, and different lowercase letters in the right figure indicate significant differences among different controlled drainage treatments at P≤0.05 level.
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