Please wait a minute...
Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (6): 649-666    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0057-9
Research article     
Aeolian activity in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert of China during the last 900 years
LI Wen1,2, MU Guijin3,*(), YE Changsheng2, XU Lishuai4, LI Gen2
1Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
2School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
3Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
4College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
Download: HTML     PDF(2633KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      

Abstract  

The mineral dust emitted from Central Asia has a significant influence on the global climate system. However, the history and mechanisms of aeolian activity in Central Asia remain unclear, due to the lack of well-dated records of aeolian activity and the intense wind erosion in some of the dust source areas (e.g., deserts). Here, we present the records of aeolian activity from a sedimentary sequence in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert of China using grain size analysis and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, based on field sampling in 2019. Specifically, we used eight OSL dates to construct chronological frameworks and applied the end-member (EM) analysis for the grain size data to extract the information of aeolian activity in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert during the last 900 a. The results show that the grain size dataset can be subdivided into three EMs (EM1, EM2, and EM3). The primary modal sizes of these EMs (EM1, EM2, and EM3) are 126.00, 178.00, and 283.00 μm, respectively. EM1 represents a mixture of the suspension components and saltation dust, while EM2 and EM3 show saltation dust transported over a shorter distance via strengthened near-surface winds, which can be used to trace aeolian activity. Combined with the OSL chronology, our results demonstrate that during the last 900 a, more intensive and frequent aeolian activity occurred during 450-100 a BP (Before Present) (i.e., the Little Ice Age (LIA)), which was reflected by a higher proportion of the coarse-grained components (EM2+EM3). Aeolian activity decreased during 900-450 a BP (i.e., the Medieval Warm Period (MWP)) and 100 a BP-present (i.e., the Current Warm Period (CWP)). Intensified aeolian activity was associated with the strengthening of the Siberian High and cooling events at high northern latitudes. We propose that the Siberian High, under the influence of temperature changes at high northern latitudes, controlled the frequency and intensity of aeolian activity in Central Asia. Cooling at high northern latitudes would have significantly enhanced the Siberian High, causing its position to shift southward. Subsequently, the incursion of cold air masses from high northern latitudes resulted in stronger wind regimes and increased dust emissions from the southern Gurbantunggut Desert. It is possible that aeolian activity may be weakened in Central Asia under future global warming scenarios, but the impact of human activities on this region must also be considered.

Key words： aeolian activity      grain size      wind regime      Little Ice Age      Siberian High      climatic drying      Central Asia     
Received: 14 September 2022      Published: 30 June 2023
Corresponding Authors: * MU Guijin (E-mail: gjmu@ms.xjb.ac.cn)
Service
E-mail this article
Add to my bookshelf
Add to citation manager
E-mail Alert
RSS
Articles by authors
LI Wen
MU Guijin
YE Changsheng
XU Lishuai
LI Gen
Cite this article:

LI Wen, MU Guijin, YE Changsheng, XU Lishuai, LI Gen. Aeolian activity in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert of China during the last 900 years. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(6): 649-666.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0057-9     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I6/649

Fig. 1 Satellite image showing the sampling locations of profiles GEB11 (44°48′N, 86°37′E), GEB12 (44°41′N, 86°45′E), and GEB15 (44°42′N, 87°21′E) in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert. The image was downloaded from the National Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services (https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/).
Fig. 2 Variations in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2018 in the Gurbantunggut Desert (data from Liu (2020)), the number of gale days from 1961 to 2009 in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert (data from Yu et al. (2011)), and sandstorm frequency from 1961 to 2015 in the North Xinjiang (data from Li and Tang (2017)).
Fig. 3 Photographs showing the field area. (a and b), sand dunes and the underlying clay strata; (c), profile GEB11; (d and e), the dominant plant species (Haloxylon ammodendron) growing on the top of the dunes and in the interdune areas, respectively.
Profile Depth (cm) Detailed information of stratum Detailed information of sediment and OSL dating samples
GEB11 0-80 Gray fine sand with abundant plant roots. The top 15 cm layer contained horizontal bedding, while the 15-80 cm layer lacked well-defined bedding. Totally 70 sediment samples were sampled at 10-cm intervals, and 4 OSL dating samples were sampled at the depths of 100, 300, 500, and 700 cm, respectively.
80-200 Gray fine sand with occasional roots and well-developed oblique bedding.
200-600 Ale-gray fine sand with no clear bedding. Occasional roots were observed at the depths of 320-330, 410-440, and 480-500 cm.
600-700 Gray fine sand with horizontal bedding and low soil water content.
GEB12 0-105 Gray fine sand with abundant plant roots and well-developed horizontal bedding. The interval of 90-105 cm depth contained occasional traces of white calcareous cement. Totally 34 sediment samples were sampled at 5-cm intervals, and 2 OSL dating samples were sampled at the depths of 100 and 140 cm, respectively.
105-120 Dark-red clay with well-developed horizontal bedding; 120-140 cm depth: greyish-green fine sand with a flat upper surface and well-developed horizontal bedding.
140-170 Clay fine silt with black rusty mottles. The intervals of 140-155 and 155-170 cm depths were dark red and grayish-yellow, respectively.
GEB15 0-140 Gray fine sand with well-developed bedding and occasional plant roots. Totally 39 sediment samples were sampled at 5-cm intervals, and 2 OSL dating samples were sampled at the depths of 130 and 160 cm, respectively.
140-195 Dark red clay with a flat upper surface and thin horizontal bedding.
Table 1 Detailed information of profiles GEB11, GEB12, and GEB15 selected in this study
Sample No. Depth
(cm)		 U-238
(Bg/kg)		 Ra-226
(Bg/kg)		 Th-232
(Bg/kg)		 K-40
(Bg/kg)		 Dose rate
(Gy/ka)		 De
(Gy)		 Age
(a BP)
GEB11-1 100 19.5±6.1 13.3±0.5 15.9±0.5 391.5±13.8 1.9±0.1 0.6±0.04 300±100
GEB11-3 300 17.1±6.5 13.7±0.5 17.5±0.5 412.0±14.6 2.0±0.1 1.4±0.10 700±100
GEB11-5 500 21.1±6.0 13.4±0.5 16.1±0.5 405.4±0.5 1.9±0.1 1.4±0.10 800±100
GEB11-7 700 11.4±7.0 16.3±0.5 18.8±0.5 426.1±15.1 2.0±0.1 1.8±0.10 900±100
GEB12-2 100 21.8±6.7 16.0±0.5 20.2±0.5 415.7±14.7 2.1±0.1 0.8±0.09 400±100
GEB12-3 140 18.1±5.1 13.8±0.4 15.5±0.4 300.4±10.7 1.6±0.1 1.7±0.10 1000±100
GEB15-2 130 23.7±6.7 16.7±0.5 22.2±0.6 431.4±15.2 2.2±0.1 0.7±0.03 300±100
GEB15-3 160 42.0±7.6 21.9±0.6 31.4±0.7 282.6±10.9 2.6±0.1 2.9±0.10 1100±100
Table 2 Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results for the three sand dune profiles (GEB11, GEB12, and GEB15)
Fig. 4 Age-depth relationship for profile GEB11
Fig. 5 Grain size results for profile GEB11. (a-d), depth profiles of clay+silt, very fine sand, fine sand, and medium sand fractions, respectively; (e), depth profile of the mean grain size; (f), grain size frequency distribution curves; (g), cumulative grain size frequency distribution curves.
Fig. 6 Grain size frequency distribution curves of EM1-EM3 (a), and depth profiles of the abundance of EM1-EM3 (b-d). EM1, end-member 1; EM2, end-member 2; EM3, end-member 3.
Fig. 7 Cumulative grain size probability curves of EM1, EM2, and EM3. As shown in this figure, EM1 represents a mixture of suspension and saltation dust, while EM2 and EM3 represent saltation dust.
Fig. 8 Comparison of proxy age records of aeolian activity in Central Asia. (a), profile GEB11 in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert (this study); (b), fraction with grain size >19.35 μm in the sediments of the Bosten Lake, China (Zhou et al., 2019); (c), fraction with grain size >84.00 μm in the sediments of Yangchang loess profile from the southern margin of the Taklimakan Desert, China (Han et al., 2019); (d), mean grain size of the KMA loess profile on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains, China (Tang et al., 2009); (e), Pb concentration in the Halashazi peatland of the Altay Mountains, China (Xu, 2014); (f), Ti concentration in the sediments of the Aral Sea, Central Asia (Sorrel et al., 2007); (g), grain size ratio (ratio of grain sizes 6.00-32.00 μm to grain sizes 2.00-6.00 μm) in the Aral Sea, Central Asia (Huang et al., 2011); (h), fraction with grain size of 56.00-282.50 μm in the sediments of the Sugan Lake on the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China (Chen et al., 2013); (i), frequency of dust falls since 900 a BP (Before Present) (Zhang, 1984); (j), 50-a averaged synthesis dust storm record across the mid-latitude Asia (He et al., 2015). MWP, Medieval Warm Period; LIA, Little Ice Age; CWP, Current Warm Period.
Fig. 9 Field photos showing the locations of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples for sand dune profiles GEB12 (a-b) and GEB15 (c-d) in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert
Fig. 10 Comparison of the records of aeolian activity in profile GEB11 in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert with possible driving mechanisms. (a), EM2+EM3 in profile GEB11 in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert; (b), synthesis of the records of effective moisture in Central Asia (Chen et al., 2010); (c), ice-rafted debris records from the North Atlantic (Bond et al., 1997); (d), non-sea salt ion (nssK+) records from the GISP2 Greenland ice core (Mayewski and Maasch, 2006); (e), reconstruction of the strength of the Siberian High reflected by the sea-level pressure (SLP) over the North Atlantic and Asia (Meeker and Mayewski, 2002); (f), standardized temperature anomaly records for the western Central Asia (Esper et al., 2007).
[1]   An C B, Zhao J J, Tao S C, et al. 2011. Dust variation recorded by lacustrine sediments from arid Central Asia since -15 cal ka BP and its implication for atmospheric circulation. Quaternary Research, 75(3): 566-573.
doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.015
[2]   Bokhorst M, Vandenberghe J, Sümegi P, et al. 2011. Atmospheric circulation patterns in Central and Eastern Europe during the Weichselian Pleniglacial inferred from loess grainsize records. Quaternary International, 234(1-2): 62-74.
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.018
[3]   Bond G, Showers W, Cheseby M, et al. 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial climates. Science, 278(5341): 1257-1266.
doi: 10.1126/science.278.5341.1257
[4]   Booth B, Dunstone N J, Halloran P R, et al. 2012. Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability. Nature, 484(7393): 228-232.
doi: 10.1038/nature10946
[5]   Bronger A, Heinkele T. 1990. Mineralogical and clay mineralogical aspects of loess research. Quaternary International, 7-8: 37-51.
[6]   Chen F H, Chen J H, Holmes J, et al. 2010. Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid Central Asia: a review, synthesis and comparison with monsoon region. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(7-8): 1055-1068.
doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.005
[7]   Chen F H, Qiang M R, Zhou A F, et al. 2013. A 2000-year dust storm record from Lake Sugan in the dust source area of arid China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(5): 2149-2160.
doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50140
[8]   De Ploey J. 1977. Some experimental data on slopewash and wind action with reference to Quaternary morphogenesis in Belgium. Earth Surface Processes, 2(2-3): 101-115.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9837
[9]   Ding Y H, Liu Y J, Liang S J, et al. 2014. Interdecadal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon and its possible links to global climate change. Journal of Meteorological Research, 28(5): 693-713.
doi: 10.1007/s13351-014-4046-y
[10]   Esper J, Frank D C, Wilson R J S, et al. 2007. Uniform growth trends among Central Asian low- and high-elevation juniper tree sites. Trees, 21(2): 141-150.
doi: 10.1007/s00468-006-0104-0
[11]   Fang X M, Li J J. 1999. Millennial-scale monsoonal climatic change from paleosol sequences on the Chinese western Loess Plateau and Tibetan Plateau: A brief summary and review. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44(S1): 38-52.
[12]   Ginoux P, Prospero J M, Torres O, et al. 2004. Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model: correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation. Environmental Modelling and Software, 19(2): 113-128.
doi: 10.1016/S1364-8152(03)00114-2
[13]   Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, et al. 2002. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 416(6877): 159-163.
doi: 10.1038/416159a
[14]   Han W X, Lü S, Appel E, et al. 2019. Dust storm outbreak in Central Asia after -3.5 kyr BP. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(1): 7624-7633.
doi: 10.1029/2018GL081795
[15]   He Y X, Zhao C, Song M, et al. 2015. Onset of frequent dust storms in northern China at -AD 1100. Scientific Reports, 5(1): 17111, doi: 10.1038/srep17111.
doi: 10.1038/srep17111
[16]   Huang J P, Minnis P, Liu B, et al. 2006. Possible influences of Asian dust aerosols on cloud properties and radiative forcing observed from MODIS and CERES. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(6): L06824, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024724.
doi: 10.1029/2005GL024724
[17]   Huang X T, Oberhänsli H, Suchodoletz H, et al. 2011. Dust deposition in the Aral Sea: implications for changes in atmospheric circulation in Central Asia during the past 2000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(25-26): 3661-3674.
doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.011
[18]   Jacobs P M, Mason J A, Hanson P R. 2011. Mississippi Valley regional source of loess on the southern Green Bay Lobe land surface, Wisconsin. Quaternary Research, 75(3): 574-583.
doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2011.02.003
[19]   Johnsen S J, Clausen H B, Dansgaard W, et al. 1992. Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core. Nature, 359(6393): 311-313.
doi: 10.1038/359311a0
[20]   Kang S G, Wang X L, Wang N, et al. 2022. Siberian high modulated suborbital-scale dust accumulation changes over the past 30 ka in the Eastern Yili Basin, Central Asia. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 37(5): e2021PA004360, doi: 10.1029/2021PA004360.
doi: 10.1029/2021PA004360
[21]   Kurosaki Y, Mikami M. 2003. Recent frequent dust events and their relation to surface wind in East Asia. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(14): 1376, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017261.
doi: 10.1029/2003GL017261
[22]   Lehmkuhl F, Haselein F. 2000. Quaternary paleoenvironmental change on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas (Western China and Western Mongolia). Quaternary International, 65(66): 121-145.
[23]   Li B S, Zhang D D, Zhou X J, et al. 2002. Study of sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis, South Xinjiang, China. Acta Geological Sinica, 76(2): 221-228.
[24]   Li H J, Tang H. 2017. The circulation field characteristics of spring sandstorm in north Xinjiang in the extremely many years and few years. Desert and Oasis Meteorology, 11(1): 35-40. (in Chinese)
[25]   Li S, Yang S L, Liang M, et al. 2018. The end member model analysis on grain size of loess in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Earth Environment, 46(4): 331-338. (in Chinese)
[26]   Li S H, Fan A C. 2011. OSL chronology of sand deposits and climate change of last 18 ka in Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China. Journal of Quaternary Science, 26(8): 813-818.
doi: 10.1002/jqs.v26.8
[27]   Li Y, Song Y G, Kaskaoutis D G, et al. 2019. Atmospheric dust dynamics in southern Central Asia: Implications for buildup of Tajikistan loess sediments. Atmospheric Research, 229: 74-85.
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.06.013
[28]   Li Z Z, Jin J H, Liu Q, et al. 2022. Review and prospect of aeolian geomorphology research in Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Journal of Desert Research, 42(1): 41-47. (in Chinese)
[29]   Liang A M, Qu J J, Dong Z B, et al. 2020. The characteristic of grain size end members in Kumtagh Desert and its implication for sediment source. Journal of Desert Research, 40(2): 33-42. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2019.00094
[30]   Liu B, Sun A J, Zhao H, et al. 2022. Physicochemical properties of surface sediments in the Taklimakan desert, northwestern China, and their relationship with oasis-desert evolution. CATENA, 208(4): 105751, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105751.
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105751
[31]   Liu R, Yue D P, Zhao J B, et al. 2021. Characteristics of grain size end members and its environmental significance of aeolian sand/loess sedimentary sequence since L 2 in Hengshan, Shaanxi Province. Arid Land Geography, 44(5): 1328-1338. (in Chinese)
[32]   Liu X D, Yin Z, Zhang X Y, et al. 2004. Analyses of the spring dust storm frequency of northern China in relation to antecedent and concurrent wind, precipitation, vegetation, and soil moisture conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109: D16210, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004615.
doi: 10.1029/2004JD004615
[33]   Liu Z Y. 2020. The aeolian geomorphology and its development environment in Gurbantunggut Desert. MSc Thesis. Xi'an: Shannxi Normal University, 15-16. (in Chinese)
[34]   Lu H Y, Wang X H, Wang Y, et al. 2021. Chinese loess and the Asian monsoon: What we know and what remains unknown. Quaternary International, 620(4): 85-97.
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.027
[35]   Ma N N. 2005. Study of aeolian activity in the southern margin of Gurbantunggut Desert since Holocene. MSc Thesis. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 55-57. (in Chinese)
[36]   Maher B A, Prospero J M, Mackie D, et al. 2010. Global connections between aeolian dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and at the last glacial maximum. Earth-Science Reviews, 99(1-2): 61-97.
doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.12.001
[37]   Martin J H, Fitzwater S E. 1988. Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature, 331(6154): 341-343.
doi: 10.1038/331341a0
[38]   Mayewski P A, Maasch K A. 2006. Recent warming inconsistent with natural association between temperature and atmospheric circulation over the last 2000 years. Climate of the Past Discussions, 2(3): 327-355.
[39]   McTainsh G, Strong C. 2007. The role of aeolian dust in ecosystems. Geomorphology, 89(1-2): 39-54.
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.07.028
[40]   Meeker L D, Mayewski P A. 2002. A 1400-year high-resolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia. Holocene, 12(3): 257-266.
doi: 10.1191/0959683602hl542ft
[41]   Middleton N J, Sternberg T. 2013. Climate hazards in drylands: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 126: 48-57.
doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.07.008
[42]   Moberg A, Sonechkin D M, Holmgren K, et al. 2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature, 433(7026): 613-617.
doi: 10.1038/nature03265
[43]   Paterson G A, Heslop D. 2015. New methods for unmixing sediment grain size data. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 16(12): 4494-4506.
doi: 10.1002/ggge.v16.12
[44]   Porter S C. 2001. Chinese loess record of monsoon climate during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Earth-Science Reviews, 54(1-3): 115-128.
doi: 10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00043-5
[45]   Prins M A, Zheng H B, Beets K, et al. 2009. Dust supply from river floodplains: the case of the lower Huang He (Yellow River) recorded in a loess-palaeosol sequence from the Mangshan Plateau. Journal of Quaternary Science, 24(1): 75-84.
doi: 10.1002/jqs.v24:1
[46]   Pye K. 1987. Dust and Dust Deposits. London: Academic Press, 1-78.
[47]   Qian Y B, Wu Z N. 2010. Environment of Gurbantunggut Desert. Beijing: Science Press, 1-128.
[48]   Qiang M R, Chen F H, Zhou A F, et al. 2007. Impacts of wind velocity on sand and dust deposition during dust storm as inferred from a series of observations in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Powder Technology, 175(2): 82-89.
doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2006.12.020
[49]   Qiang M R, Liu Y Y, Jin Y X, et al. 2014. Holocene record of eolian activity from Genggahai Lake, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(2): 589-595.
doi: 10.1002/2013GL058806
[50]   Qiang M R, Lang W Z, He Z H, et al. 2022. A 1600-year record of eolian activity from Jili Lake in northern Xinjiang. Quaternary International, 631(C12): 93-104.
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2022.05.012
[51]   Qin X G, Cai B G, Mu Y, et al. 2009. A physical of loess dust transport process. Quaternary Science, 29(6): 1154-1161. (in Chinese)
[52]   Rea D K, Leinen M. 1988. Asian aridity and the zonal westerlies: Late Pleistocene and Holocene record of eolian deposition in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 66(1-2): 1-8.
doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(88)90076-4
[53]   Rea D K. 1994. The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: The geologic history of wind. Reviews of Geophysics, 32(2): 159-195.
doi: 10.1029/93RG03257
[54]   Shin J Y, Hyeong K, Kim W. 2021. A sediment magnetic record in the North Pacific across the Mid-Pleistocene transition and its implication on Asian dust evolution. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9: 789584, doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.789584.
doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.789584
[55]   Sorrel P, Oberhänsli H, Boroffka N, et al. 2007. Control of wind strength and frequency in the Aral Sea basin during the late Holocene. Quaternary Research, 67(3): 371-382.
doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2006.12.003
[56]   Su C J, Xu Z L, Zhang D L, et al. 2023. Aeolian and dust history since 14.4 cal. kyr BP indicated by grain size end members of Shayan loess in southern Kazakhstan. Quaternary Science, 43(1): 46-56. (in Chinese)
[57]   Sun D H, Bloemendal J, Rea D K, et al. 2004. Bimodal grain-size distribution of Chinese loess, and its palaeoclimatic implications. CATENA, 55(3): 325-340.
doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(03)00109-7
[58]   Tang Z H, Mu G J, Chen D M. 2009. Palaeoenvironment of mid-to late Holocene loess deposit of the southern margin of the Tarim Basin, NW China. Environmental Geology, 58(8): 1703-1711.
doi: 10.1007/s00254-008-1670-9
[59]   Tegen I, Lacis A A, Fung I. 1996. The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils. Nature, 380(6753): 419-422.
doi: 10.1038/380419a0
[60]   Tsoar H, Pye K. 1987. Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation. Sedimentology, 34(1): 139-153.
doi: 10.1111/sed.1987.34.issue-1
[61]   Vandenberghe J. 2013. Grain size of fine-grained windblown sediment: A powerful proxy for process identification. Earth-Science Reviews, 121: 18-30.
doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.03.001
[62]   Vriend M, Prins M A. 2005. Calibration of modelled mixing patterns in loess grain-size distributions: an example from the north-eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, China. Sedimentology, 52(6): 1361-1374.
[63]   Wang X M, Dong Z B, Zhang J W, et al. 2003. Grain size characteristics of dune sands in the central Taklimakan Sand Sea. Sedimentary Geology, 161(1-2): 1-14.
doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00380-9
[64]   Wang X M, Dong Z B, Yan P, et al. 2005. Wind energy environments and dunefield activity in the Chinese deserts. Geomorphology, 65(1-2): 33-48.
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.009
[65]   Xu B, Wang L, Gu Z Y, et al. 2018. Decoupling of climatic drying and Asian dust export during the Holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(2): 915-928.
doi: 10.1002/jgrd.v123.2
[66]   Xu J Q. 2014. Holocene dust variability recorded by Alpine peat deposits in Altay Mountains, Northern Xinjiang. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 27-28. (in Chinese)
[67]   Yao J Q, Mao W Y, Chen J, et al. 2021. Signal and impact of wet-to-dry shift over Xinjiang, China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 76(1): 57-72. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.11821/dlxb202101005
[68]   Yao T D, Thompson L G, Qin D H, et al. 1996. Variations in temperature and precipitation in the past 2000 a on the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau-Guliya ice core record. Science in China (Series D), 39(4): 425-433.
[69]   Yu P J, Xu H L, Zhang Q Q, et al. 2011. Change characteristics of sandstorm in the southern fringe of Gurbantunggut Desert since recent 49 years. Arid Land Geography, 34(6): 967-974. (in Chinese)
[70]   Zhang D E. 1984. Synoptic-climatic studies of dust fall in China since historic times. Scientia Sinica (Series B), 27(8): 825-836.
[71]   Zhang Q, Liu Q S, Li J H, et al. 2018. An integrated study of the eolian dust in pelagic sediments from the North Pacific Ocean based on environmental magnetism, transmission electron microscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(5): 3358-3376.
doi: 10.1002/jgrb.v123.5
[72]   Zhang X Y. 2001. Source distributions, emission, transport, deposition of Asian dust and loess accumulation. Quaternary Science, 21(1): 29-40. (in Chinese)
[73]   Zhang X Y, Gong S L, Zhao T L, et al. 2003. Sources of Asian dust and role of climate change versus desertification in Asian dust emission. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24): 2272, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018206.
doi: 10.1029/2003GL018206
[74]   Zhou G P, Huang X Z, Wang Z L, et al. 2019. Eolian Activity history reconstructed by Bosten Lake grain size data over the past -2 000 years. Journal of Desert Research, 39(2): 86-95. (in Chinese)
[75]   Zielinski G A, Mershon G R. 1997. Paleoenvironmental implications of the insoluble microparticle record in the GISP 2 (Greenland) ice core during the rapidly changing climate of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109(5): 547-559.
doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0547:PIOTIM>2.3.CO;2
[1] WANG Min, CHEN Xi, CAO Liangzhong, KURBAN Alishir, SHI Haiyang, WU Nannan, EZIZ Anwar, YUAN Xiuliang, Philippe DE MAEYER. Correlation analysis between the Aral Sea shrinkage and the Amu Darya River[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(7): 757-778.
[2] ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Zhengcai, MA Pengfei, PAN Kaijia, ZHA Duo, CHEN Dingmei, SHEN Caisheng, LIANG Aimin. Wind regime features and their impacts on the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River on the Tibetan Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(10): 1174-1195.
[3] YAN Xue, LI Lanhai. Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem services in Central Asia[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(1): 1-19.
[4] YAO Linlin, ZHOU Hongfei, YAN Yingjie, LI Lanhai, SU Yuan. Projection of hydrothermal condition in Central Asia under four SSP-RCP scenarios[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(5): 521-536.
[5] SONG Yujia, LIU Xijun, XIAO Wenjiao, ZHANG Zhiguo, LIU Pengde, XIAO Yao, LI Rui, WANG Baohua, LIU Lei, HU Rongguo. Neoproterozoic I-type granites in the Central Tianshan Block (NW China): geochronology, geochemistry, and tectonic implications[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(1): 82-101.
[6] YIN Hanmin, Jiapaer GULI, JIANG Liangliang, YU Tao, Jeanine UMUHOZA, LI Xu. Monitoring fire regimes and assessing their driving factors in Central Asia[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(5): 500-515.
[7] LIU Pengde, LIU Xijun, XIAO Wenjiao, ZHANG Zhiguo, SONG Yujia, XIAO Yao, LIU Lei, HU Rongguo, WANG Baohua. Geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotopes of Early Carboniferous magmatism in southern West Junggar, northwestern China: Implications for Junggar oceanic plate subduction[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(11): 1163-1182.
[8] WANG Jie, LIU Dongwei, MA Jiali, CHENG Yingnan, WANG Lixin. Development of a large-scale remote sensing ecological index in arid areas and its application in the Aral Sea Basin[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(1): 40-55.
[9] Sanim BISSENBAYEVA, Jilili ABUDUWAILI, Assel SAPAROVA, Toqeer AHMED. Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(1): 56-70.
[10] YANG Junhuai, XIA Dunsheng, WANG Shuyuan, TIAN Weidong, MA Xingyue, CHEN Zixuan, GAO Fuyuan, LING Zhiyong, DONG Zhibao. Near-surface wind environment in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, southern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(6): 917-936.
[11] CHEN Zongyan, XIAO Fengjun, DONG Zhibao. Fetch effect on the developmental process of aeolian sand transport in a wind tunnel[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(3): 436-446.
[12] Xuemin GAO, Zhibao DONG, Zhenghu DUAN, Min LIU, Xujia CUI, Jiyan LI. Wind regime for long-ridge yardangs in the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(5): 701-712.
[13] Yong WANG, Ping YAN, Guang HAN, Wei WU, Run ZHANG. Sand source and formation mechanism of riverine sand dunes: a case study in Xiangshui River, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(4): 525-536.
[14] Jiaxiu LI, Yaning CHEN, Zhi LI, Xiaotao HUANG. Low-carbon economic development in Central Asia based on LMDI decomposition and comparative decoupling analyses[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(4): 513-524.
[15] Yang YU, Yuanyue PI, Xiang YU, Zhijie TA, Lingxiao SUN, DISSE Markus, Fanjiang ZENG, Yaoming LI, Xi CHEN, Ruide YU. Climate change, water resources and sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid lands of Central Asia in the past 30 years[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(1): 1-14.