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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (6): 620-636    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0020-1
Research article     
Transformation among precipitation, surface water, groundwater, and mine water in the Hailiutu River Basin under mining activity
LI Qian, MA Long(), LIU Tingxi
College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Abstract  

Coal mining has changed the hydrogeological conditions of river basins, and studying how the relationship among different types of water body has changed under the influence of coal mining is of great significance for understanding the regional hydrological cycle. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrochemical properties and environmental isotopes in the Hailiutu River Basin (HRB), China with a mixed model. The results showed that: (1) human activity (e.g., coal mining and agricultural production) causes considerable changes in the hydrochemical properties of surface water in and around the mining areas, and leads to significant increases in the concentrations of Na+ and SO2- 4; (2) precipitation is the main source of water vapour in the HRB. The transformation between surface water and groundwater in the natural watershed is mainly affected by precipitation; and (3) in the mining areas, the average contribution rates of precipitation to the recharge of surface water and groundwater increased by 2.6%-7.9% and 2.7%-9.9%, respectively. Groundwater in the Salawusu Formation constitutes up to 61.3%-72.4% of mine water. Overall, this study is beneficial for quantifying the effects of coal mining on local hydrological cycles. The research results can provide a reference for local water resources management and ecological environment improvement.

Key words： precipitation      mine water      groundwater      surface water      transformation mode     
Received: 18 February 2022      Published: 30 June 2022
Corresponding Authors: * MA Long (E-mail: malong4444333@163.com)
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LI Qian, MA Long, LIU Tingxi. Transformation among precipitation, surface water, groundwater, and mine water in the Hailiutu River Basin under mining activity. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(6): 620-636.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0020-1     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I6/620

Fig. 1 Location of the sampling sites in the Hailiutu River Basin
Season Statistic
index		 Surface water
Ca2+
(mg/L)		 Mg2+
(mg/L)		 Na+
(mg/L)		 K+
(mg/L)		 Cl-
(mg/L)		 SO2- 4
(mg/L)		 HCO- 3
(mg/L)		 NO- 3
(mg/L)		 TDS
(mg/L)		 pH
Normal water Max 162.91 57.06 1762.11 14.15 318.44 2679.93 469.88 11.02 1258.00 9.07
Min 4.70 0.78 29.97 0.35 33.21 98.90 181.23 3.49 212.00 8.24
Average 46.74 19.25 788.37 5.70 133.14 907.40 274.81 7.44 576.00 8.43
SD 49.98 19.25 582.12 4.90 98.59 949.17 94.39 2.80 381.00 0.28
CV 1.07 1.00 0.74 0.86 0.74 1.05 0.34 0.38 0.66 0.03
Wet
Max 150.43 70.24 464.34 6.71 69.52 609.52 276.42 12.25 997.00 9.04
Min 60.70 27.08 17.34 0.84 10.50 41.10 198.93 0.05 176.00 8.01
Average 99.37 41.57 134.58 2.65 31.13 171.53 245.69 4.25 422.00 8.37
SD 25.75 14.94 154.33 2.16 17.35 164.46 24.08 3.92 277.00 0.27
CV 0.26 0.36 1.15 0.82 0.56 0.96 0.10 0.92 0.66 0.03
Dry Max 262.82 76.73 1100.39 18.27 134.36 1810.76 338.05 33.18 1090.00 8.83
Min 62.85 4.41 54.22 1.76 17.01 48.87 228.83 1.81 191.00 8.20
Average 131.77 39.98 374.63 7.77 57.12 506.39 275.14 8.41 473.00 8.53
SD 56.25 28.59 338.33 4.94 36.01 570.91 29.65 8.81 291.00 0.15
CV 0.43 0.72 0.90 0.64 0.63 1.13 0.11 1.05 0.62 0.02
Groundwater
Normal water Max 122.86 20.13 600.50 4.59 107.12 174.63 268.22 226.08 258.00 8.16
Min 2.86 0.47 10.25 0.34 14.26 19.55 144.98 1.61 93.00 7.55
Average 26.80 7.76 82.39 1.09 32.68 74.78 185.29 51.94 169.00 7.86
SD 32.19 6.49 158.93 1.08 24.92 43.10 34.09 61.61 42.40 0.17
CV 1.20 0.84 1.93 0.99 0.76 0.58 0.18 1.19 0.25 0.02
Wet Max 159.69 57.97 79.32 15.52 37.16 69.32 336.83 69.16 328.00 8.56
Min 2.00 4.91 6.35 0.03 3.53 12.52 124.48 0.00 109.00 7.71
Average 68.03 25.01 26.00 1.31 11.18 25.46 201.60 16.09 176.00 8.06
SD 35.22 14.35 19.68 3.46 9.07 14.16 49.99 17.92 59.04 0.20
CV 0.52 0.57 0.76 2.65 0.81 0.56 0.25 1.11 0.34 0.02
Dry Max 150.42 55.63 224.22 10.57 39.42 145.29 372.83 153.24 245.00 8.67
Min 21.39 2.78 18.85 0.21 5.58 10.32 155.60 0.16 103.00 7.67
Average 78.38 21.42 59.85 2.12 13.11 43.36 229.40 30.53 168.00 8.23
SD 32.77 15.85 50.91 2.69 8.43 35.53 58.16 44.45 47.28 0.26
CV 0.42 0.74 0.85 1.27 0.64 0.82 0.25 1.46 0.28 0.03
Table 1 Major ions concentrations in surface water and groundwater of the Hailiutu River Basin
Fig. 2 Piper trilinear diagram for different types of water body in the Hailiutu River Basin. (a), normal water season; (b), wet season; (c), dry season. Groundwater samples: H1-H5, H8, H12-H16, H18, Y1, and Y2; surface water samples: h1-h4, h6, h7, and y1-y3; mine water samples: K1-K4; and precipitation samples: J1-J4 for normal water season. Groundwater samples: H1-H18, Y1 and Y2; surface water samples: h1-h11 and y1-y4; mine water samples: K1-K4; and precipitation samples: J1-J4 for wet and dry seasons.
Fig. 3 Gibbs diagram for different types of water body. (a1 and a2), normal water season; (b1 and b2), wet season; (c1 and c2), dry season.
Fig. 4 Ion ratio of different types of water body. (a), (Ca2++Mg2+)/(HCO- 3+SO2- 4); (b), (Ca2++Mg2+)/SO2- 4; (c), (Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO- 3.
Fig. 5 Composition of heavy metals in the groundwater. (a), Al; (b), Mn; (c), Ni; (d), Cu; (e), Zn; (f), Ge; (g), Pb.
Fig. 6 Relationship between δD and δ18O in precipitation. LWML, local meteoric water line; GWML, global meteoric water line.
Season δ18O (‰) δD(‰)
Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average
Normal water -8.46 -13.42 -10.67 -48.11 -75.89 -59.85
Wet -6.67 -10.94 -8.71 -62.42 -97.07 -78.05
Dry -9.77 -13.60 -11.93 -73.60 -101.44 -86.70
Table 2 δD and δ18O data of precipitation
Fig. 7 Relationship between δD and δ18O. (a1 and a2), normal water season; (b1 and b2), wet season; (c1 and c2), dry season.
Season Surface water Fitting equation
δ18O (‰) δD (‰)
Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average
Normal water -6.21 -7.36 -6.97 -50.98 -61.79 -56.51 δD=7.87δ18O-1.67
Wet -6.61 -8.16 -7.39 -56.71 -64.38 -60.24 δD=4.71δ18O-25.45
Dry -6.81 -7.86 -7.23 -57.75 -59.74 -58.54 δD=1.13δ18O-50.38
Groundwater
Normal water -7.57 -11.02 -9.21 -57.55 -86.19 -69.44 δD=8.28δ18O+6.85
Wet -7.99 -10.66 -9.06 -56.71 -86.08 -69.42 δD=10.36δ18O+24.37
Dry -7.90 -9.98 -7.23 -62.31 -76.60 -67.12 δD=6.41δ18O-10.29
Table 3 δD and δ18O of different types of water body in the natural watershed
Season Surface water Fitting equation
δ18O (‰) δD (‰)
Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average
Normal water -7.47 -8.50 -7.98 -58.40 -68.90 -64.47 δD=4.31δ18O-30.02
Wet -4.31 -9.23 -8.01 -53.51 -70.01 -62.57 δD=2.53δ18O-42.29
Dry -7.28 -9.01 -8.30 -56.89 -73.30 -64.34 δD=6.25δ18O-12.48
Groundwater
Normal water -7.61 -9.80 -8.60 -58.53 -77.46 -65.01 δD=7.38δ18O-1.60
Wet -7.23 -10.25 -8.37 -56.52 -80.95 -63.76 δD=6.80δ18O-7.35
Dry -8.05 -10.35 -8.85 -59.75 -78.58 -65.31 δD=7.21δ18O-1.51
Mine water
Normal water -8.85 -9.96 -9.30 -69.14 -81.86 -74.91 δD=8.60δ18O+4.80
Wet -8.24 -10.20 -9.09 -63.28 -73.30 -67.37 δD=4.70δ18O-24.70
Dry -9.19 -10.84 -9.90 -77.11 -85.03 -80.91 δD=4.80δ18O-32.90
Table 4 δD and δ18O of different types of water body in the mining areas and downstream of the Hailiutu River Basin
Fig. 8 (a1 and a2), δ18O and TDS variations in the surface water and groundwater in the unmined area along the course of the Hailiutu River Basin; (b), schematic diagram of water transfer between the surface and aquifers in the unmined area; (c), proportion of transfer between surface water and groundwater in the unmined area.
Fig. 9 (a1 and a2), δ18O and TDS variation in the surface water, groundwater, and mine water in the mining area and downstream of the Hailiutu River Basin; (b), schematic diagram of water transfer between the surface and aquifers in the mining areas and downstream of the Hailiutu River Basin; (c), proportion of transfer between surface water and groundwater in the mining area and downstream of the Hailiutu River Basin.
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