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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (12): 1455-1473    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0074-8     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0074-8
Research article     
Evaluation of the water conservation function in the Ili River Delta of Central Asia based on the InVEST model
CAO Yijie1,2, MA Yonggang2,3,4,5,*(), BAO Anming6,7,8, CHANG Cun6,7,8, LIU Tie6,7,8
1College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
2Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
3College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
4Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Jinghe 833300, China
5Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Urumqi 830046, China
6State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
7University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
8Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
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Abstract  

The Ili River Delta (IRD) is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia. In this study, we selected the IRD as a typical research area, and simulated the water yield and water conservation from 1975 to 2020 using the water yield module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. We further analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in the water yield and water conservation in the IRD from 1975 to 2020, and investigated the main driving factors (precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, land use/land cover change, and inflow from the Ili River) of the water conservation variation based on the linear regression, piecewise linear regression, and Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses. The results indicated that from 1975 to 2020, the water yield and water conservation in the IRD showed a decreasing trend, and the spatial distribution pattern was "high in the east and low in the west"; overall, the water conservation of all land use types decreased slightly. The water conservation volume of grassland was the most reduced, although the area of grassland increased owing to the increased inflow from the Ili River. At the same time, the increased inflow has led to the expansion of wetland areas, the improvement of vegetation growth, and the increase of regional evapotranspiration, thus resulting in an overall reduction in the water conservation. The water conservation depth and precipitation had similar spatial distribution patterns; the change in climate factors was the main reason for the decline in the water conservation function in the delta. The reservoir in the upper reaches of the IRD regulated runoff into the Lake Balkhash, promoted vegetation restoration, and had a positive effect on the water conservation; however, this positive effect cannot offset the negative effect of enhanced evapotranspiration. These results provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources and ecosystem protection in the IRD.

Key words： water conservation function      water yield      Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model      climate change      land use/land cover change (LUCC)      Ili River Delta      Lake Balkhash     
Received: 16 April 2023      Published: 31 December 2023
Corresponding Authors: *MA Yonggang (E-mail: mayg@xju.edu.cn)
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CAO Yijie
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Cite this article:

CAO Yijie, MA Yonggang, BAO Anming, CHANG Cun, LIU Tie. Evaluation of the water conservation function in the Ili River Delta of Central Asia based on the InVEST model. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(12): 1455-1473.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0074-8     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I12/1455

Fig. 1 Overview of the Ili-Balkhash Basin based on the digital elevation model (DEM) (a) and spatial distribution of land use types in the Ili River Delta (IRD) in 2020 (b)
Data type Unit Data source/Parameter processing method
Precipitation mm The CRU TS4.04 data (1975-2020), a global annual precipitation dataset at the resolution of 0.5°×0.5° (http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/cru/data/cru_ts/).
Potential evapotranspiration mm The ERA5 data (1975-2020), a global annual evapotranspiration dataset at the resolution of 0.1°×0.1° (https://www.ecmwf.int/en/research/climate-reanalysis).
Land use data - The dataset (1990, 2010, 2015, and 2020) was provided by the Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (RESDC) (http://www.resdc.cn).
Soil depth mm HWSD version 1.1 soil data (2009) (https://data.apps.fao.org/).
Root depth mm Canadell et al. (1996); Sharp et al. (2018).
Biophysical table - The InVEST model.
PAWC - PAWC is the difference between the field water holding capacity and permanent wilting coefficient, which was calculated by empirical equations using data including the percentages of sand, silt, and clay, and organic matter content based on the HWSD version 1.1 soil data (Wang et al., 2021b).
Velocity coefficient - Referring to the InVEST model manual (Sharp et al., 2018).
Topographic index - Calculated from soil depth, percentage slope, and drainage area data.
Percentage slope % Percentage slope was based on DEM and calculated using the slope tool in ArcGIS.
Drainage area - Drainage area was based on DEM and calculated using the slope tool in ArcGIS.
Soil saturation conductivity mm/d Soil saturation conductivity was calculated in the Neuro Theta model using soil clay, silt, and coarse sand mass fractions based on the HWSD version 1.1 soil data (Li et al., 2022a).
Runoff m3 The discharge observation data (1975-2020) at hydrological stations along the Ili River were collected from the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center (http://www.ncdc.ac.cn).
NDVI - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/search/) (1990-2020).
DEM m United States Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/) (2020).
Water level m The water level data (1975-2020) of the Lake Balkhash were from Jason 1/2/3 altimetry satellite data (United States Geological Survey, https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) and studies of Nakayama et al. (1997) and Long et al. (2011).
Table 1 Description of data sources and parameter processing methods used in this study
Lucode LULC_veg LULC_desc Root_depth (mm) Kc
1 1 Grassland 2500 0.65
2 0 Wetland 2000 1.20
3 0 Water body 1 0.90
4 1 Forest land 3000 1.00
5 1 Cropland 2000 0.85
6 0 Construction land 1 0.30
7 0 Unused land 100 0.50
Table 2 Biophysical parameters of land use types
Fig. 2 Comparison of the simulated water conservation volume from the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model and the measured water conservation volume from the surface runoff volume at the Uskerma hydrological station
Fig. 3 Temporal variations in the annual average water yield depth (a) and annual water conservation volume (b) of the IRD during 1975-2020
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of the annual average water yield depth and annual average water conservation depth of the IRD in 1975 (a1 and b1), 1985 (a2 and b2), 1995 (a3 and b3), 2005 (a4 and b4), 2015 (a5 and b5), and 2020 (a6 and b6). Note that the blank area in each figure is the Lake Balkhash, and the calculations of the water yield depth and water conservation depth in the Lake Balkhash region were excluded.
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of the water conservation volume variation in the IRD during 1975-2020
Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of average annual precipitation (a) and average annual potential evapotranspiration (b), temporal changes in annual precipitation (c) and annual potential evapotranspiration (d), and variations of precipitation (e) and potential evapotranspiration (f) at different water conservation depths in the IRD during 1975-2020. The different colors in Figure 6e and f represent the precipitation or potential evapotranspiration corresponding to different water conservation depths. The box plots represent the range of values for precipitation or potential evapotranspiration at different water conservation depths. Box boundaries indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers below and above the box indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. The black horizontal line within each box indicates the median.
Fig. 7 Land use types and their area changes in the IRD from 1990 to 2020. (a1-a4), spatial distribution of land use types in 1990, 2000, 2015, and 2020; (b), the area of each land use type in 1990, 2000, 2015, and 2020; (c), the rate of change in area of each land use type from 1990 to 2020; (d), bar chart showing the land use transfer among different land use types from 1990 to 2020.
Fig. 8 Temporal variations in the annual water conservation volume and annual average NDVI from 1975 to 2020 (a1-a3), in the area and annual potential evapotranspiration from 1990 to 2020 (b1-b3), and in the water yield depth from 1975 to 2020 (c1-c3) for grassland, cropland and forest land in the IRD
Fig. 9 Spatial distribution of grassland (with different levels of coverage) and forest land in the IRD in 1990 (a), 2000 (b), 2015 (c), and 2020 (d)
Fig. 10 Temporal variations in the annual water conservation volume and annual runoff at the Uskerma hydrological station (a), and the changes of the water level of the Lake Balkhash (b) in the IRD from 1975 to 2020. The red line shows the connection between the maximum and minimum water levels during the period 1975-1990, reflecting sharp drop in the water level; the orange line shows the connection between the water level in 1990 and the maximum water level during the period 1990-2020, reflecting an increase in the water level.
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