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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (11): 1212-1233    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0106-9
Research article     
Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran
Hushiar HAMARASH1,*(), Rahel HAMAD1, Azad RASUL2
1Scientific Research Center, Soran University, Soran 44008, Iraq
2Faculty of Arts, Department of Geography, Soran University, Soran 44008, Iraq
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Abstract  

Drought occurs in almost all climate zones and is characterized by prolonged water deficiency due to unbalanced demand and supply of water, persistent insufficient precipitation, lack of moisture, and high evapotranspiration. Drought caused by insufficient precipitation is a temporary and recurring meteorological event. Precipitation in semi-arid regions is different from that in other regions, ranging from 50 to 750 mm. In general, the semi-arid regions in the west and north of Iran received more precipitation than those in the east and south. The Terrestrial Climate (TerraClimate) data, including monthly precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) developed by the University of Idaho, were used in this study. The PDSI data was directly obtained from the Google Earth Engine platform. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on two different scales were calculated in time series and also both SPI and SPEI were shown in spatial distribution maps. The result showed that normal conditions were a common occurrence in the semi-arid regions of Iran over the majority of years from 2000 to 2020, according to a spatiotemporal study of the SPI at 3-month and 12-month time scales as well as the SPEI at 3-month and 12-month time scales. Moreover, the PDSI detected extreme dry years during 2000-2003 and in 2007, 2014, and 2018. In many semi-arid regions of Iran, the SPI at 3-month time scale is higher than the SPEI at 3-month time scale in 2000, 2008, 2014, 2015, and 2018. In general, this study concluded that the semi-arid regions underwent normal weather conditions from 2000 to 2020. In a way, moderate, severe, and extreme dry occurred with a lesser percentage, gradually decreasing. According to the PDSI, during 2000-2003 and 2007-2014, extreme dry struck practically all hot semi-arid regions of Iran. Several parts of the cold semi-arid regions, on the other hand, only experienced moderate to severe dry from 2000 to 2003, except for the eastern areas and wetter regions. The significance of this study is the determination of the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological drought in semi-arid regions of Iran using strongly validated data from TerraClimate.

Key words： meteorological drought      precipitation      Standardized Precipitation Index      Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index      Palmer Drought Severity Index      Iran     
Received: 26 June 2022      Published: 30 November 2022
Corresponding Authors: *Hushiar HAMARASH (E-mail: hrh670h@src.soran.edu.iq)
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Hushiar HAMARASH
Rahel HAMAD
Azad RASUL
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Hushiar HAMARASH, Rahel HAMAD, Azad RASUL. Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(11): 1212-1233.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0106-9     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I11/1212

Fig. 1 Spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in semi-arid regions of Iran in 2000 (a), 2003 (b), 2005 (c), 2007 (d), 2009 (e), 2012 (f), 2014 (g), 2016 (h), 2017 (i), 2018 (j), 2019 (k), and 2020 (l)
Variable Dataset Spatial resolution Temporal resolution
Maximum temperature (°C) WorldClim V1.4 and CRU TS4.0 1/24° and 0.50° Monthly
Minimum temperature (°C) WorldClim V1.4 and CRU TS4.0 1/24° and 0.50° Monthly
Precipitation accumulation (mm) WorldClim V2.0, CRU TS4.0, and JRA-55 1/24°, 0.50°, and 1.25° Monthly
Wind speed at 10 m (m/s) WorldClim V2.0 and JRA-55 1/24° Monthly
Vapor pressure at 2 m (kPa) WorldClim V2.0, CRU TS4.0, and JRA-55 1/24°, 0.50°, and 1.25° Monthly
Vapor pressure deficit (kPa) Root zone storage capacity 4638.3 m Time invariant
Snow water equivalent (mm) - 4638.3 m Time invariant
Downward shortwave radiation flux at the surface (W/m2) WorldClim V2.0 and JRA-55 1/24° and 1.25° Monthly
Soil moisture (mm) Root zone storage capacity 4638.3 m Time invariant
Runoff (mm) - 4638.3 m Time invariant
Reference evapotranspiration (mm) - 4638.3 m Time invariant
Climate water deficit (mm) - 4638.3 m Time invariant
Palmer Drought Severity Index - 4638.3 m Time invariant
Actual evapotranspiration (mm) - 4638.3 m Time invariant
Table 1 Characteristics of Terrestrial Climate (TerraClimate)
Range Class
≥2.00 Extreme wet
1.50-1.99 Severe wet
1.00-1.49 Moderate wet
-0.99-0.99 Near normal
-1.00- -1.49 Moderate dry
-1.50- -1.99 Severe dry
≤ -2.00 Extreme dry
Table 2 Range of the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for drought
Fig. 2 Average Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values in cold semi-arid regions of Iran
Fig. 3 Average PDSI values in hot semi-arid regions of Iran
Fig. 4 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) at 3-month time scale (SPI-3) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at 3-month time scale (SPEI-3) in several semi-arid regions of Iran during 2000-2020. (a), East Azerbaijan Province; (b), Bushehr Province; (c), Fars Province; (d), Hormozgan Province; (e), Ilam Province; (f), Kerman Province; (g), Kermanshah Province; (h), Markazi Province; (i), North Khorasan Province; (j), Qom Province; (k), Razavi Khorasan Province; (l), Mazandaran Province; (m), Semnan Province; (n), South Khorasan Province; (o), West Azerbaijan Province.
Fig. S1 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) at 3-month time scale (SPI-3) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at 3-month time scale (SPEI-3) in several semi-arid regions of Iran during 2000-2020. (a), Alborz Province; (b), Sistan and Baluchestan Province; (c), Golestan Province; (d), Hamadan Province; (e), Kurdistan Province; (f), Esfahan Province; (g), Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province; (h), Lorestan Province; (i), Tehran Province; (j), Yazd Province.
Fig. 5 SPI at 12-month time scale (SPI-12) and SPEI at 12-month time scale (SPEI-12) in several semi-arid regions of Iran during 2000-2020. (a), East Azerbaijan Province; (b), Bushehr Province; (c), Fars Province; (d), Hormozgan Province; (e), Ilam Province; (f), Kerman Province; (g), Kermanshah Province; (h), Markazi Province; (i), North Khorasan Province; (j), Qom Province; (k), Razavi Khorasan Province; (l), Mazandaran Province; (m), Semnan Province; (n), South Khorasan Province; (o), West Azerbaijan Province.
Fig. S2 SPI at 12-month time scale (SPI-12) and SPEI at 12-month time scale (SPEI-12) in several semi-arid regions of Iran during 2000-2020. (a), Alborz Province; (b), Sistan and Baluchestan Province; (c), Golestan Province; (d), Hamadan Province; (e), Kurdistan Province; (f), Esfahan Province; (g), Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province; (h), Lorestan Province; (i), Tehran Province; (j), Yazd Province.
Fig. 6 Number of dry and wet months in semi-arid regions of Iran based on SPI-3 (a), SPEI-3 (b), SPI-12 (c), and SPEI-12 (d) during 2000-2020
Fig. S3 Spatial and temporal distribution of SPI-12 in winter and summer in semi-arid regions of Iran. (a), Winter 2002; (b), Summer 2002; (c), Winter 2005; (d), Summer 2005; (e), Winter 2007; (f), Summer 2007; (g), Winter 2010; (h), Summer 2010; (i), Winter 2012; (j), Summer 2012; (k), Winter 2013; (l), Summer 2013; (m), Winter 2015; (n), Summer 2015; (o), Winter 2017; (p), Summer 2017; (q), Winter 2019; (r), Summer 2019; (s), Winter 2020; (t), Summer 2020.
Fig. S4 Spatial and temporal distribution of SPEI-12 in winter and summer in semi-arid regions of Iran. (a), Winter 2002; (b), Summer 2002; (c), Winter 2005; (d), Summer 2005; (e), Winter 2007; (f), Summer 2007; (g), Winter 2010; (h), Summer 2010; (i), Winter 2012; (j), Summer 2012; (k), Winter 2013; (l), Summer 2013; (m), Winter 2015; (n), Summer 2015; (o), Winter 2017; (p), Summer 2017; (q), Winter 2019; (r), Summer 2019; (s), Winter 2020; (t), Summer 2020.
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