Spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and reference crop water requirement over 1957-2016 in Iran based on CRU TS gridded dataset

doi:10.1007/s40333-021-0103-4

Journal of Arid Land

2021, Vol. 13

Issue (8): 858-878 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0103-4

Spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and reference crop water requirement over 1957-2016 in Iran based on CRU TS gridded dataset

Brian COLLINS¹, Hadi RAMEZANI ETEDALI²^,^*(

), Ameneh TAVAKOL³, Abbas KAVIANI²

¹ College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
² Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148, Iran
³ Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA

Download:

HTML

PDF(6486KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Agriculture needs to produce more food to feed the growing population in the 21^st century. It makes the reference crop water requirement (WREQ) a major challenge especially in regions with limited water and high water demand. Iran, with large climatic variability, is experiencing a serious water crisis due to limited water resources and inefficient agriculture. In order to overcome the issue of uneven distribution of weather stations, gridded Climatic Research Unit (CRU) data was applied to analyze the changes in potential evapotranspiration (PET), effective precipitation (EFFPRE) and WREQ. Validation of data using in situ observation showed an acceptable performance of CRU in Iran. Changes in PET, EFFPRE and WREQ were analyzed in two 30-a periods 1957-1986 and 1987-2016. Comparing two periods showed an increase in PET and WREQ in regions extended from the southwest to northeast and a decrease in the southeast, more significant in summer and spring. However, EFFPRE decreased in the southeast, northeast, and northwest, especially in winter and spring. Analysis of annual trends revealed an upward trend in PET (14.32 mm/decade) and WREQ (25.50 mm/decade), but a downward trend in EFFPRE (-11.8 mm/decade) over the second period. Changes in PET, EFFPRE and WREQ in winter have the impact on the annual trend. Among climate variables, WREQ showed a significant correlation (r=0.59) with minimum temperature. The increase in WREQ and decrease in EFFPRE would exacerbate the agricultural water crisis in Iran. With all changes in PET and WREQ, immediate actions are needed to address the challenges in agriculture and adapt to the changing climate.

Key words： evapotranspiration reference crop water requirement effective precipitation trend Iran spatiotemporal change CRU TS data

Received: 02 June 2020 Published: 10 August 2021

Corresponding Authors:

	Service
	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	COLLINS Brian
	ETEDALI Hadi RAMEZANI
	TAVAKOL Ameneh
	KAVIANI Abbas

Cite this article:

Brian COLLINS, Hadi RAMEZANI ETEDALI, Ameneh TAVAKOL, Abbas KAVIANI. Spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and reference crop water requirement over 1957-2016 in Iran based on CRU TS gridded dataset. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(8): 858-878.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0103-4 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I8/858

Fig. 2 Selected grid-cells from the CRU TS (Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series) dataset and 14 stations used to validate the dataset

Fig. 3 Relationship between CRU TS data and observed monthly temperature data in 14 selected stations and all stations

Fig. 4 Relationship between CRU TS data and observed monthly precipitation data in 14 selected stations and all stations. Except for Anzali, most stations showed a good agreement between datasets.

Fig. 5 Relationship between trends calculated from CRU TS and observed monthly precipitation (left) and temperature (right) data before and after 1987. Acc, accuracy; Decr, decrease; Incr, increase.

Fig. 6 Annual (top panel) and seasonal (bottom panel) averages of total potential evapotranspiration (PET) in two 30-year periods of 1957-1986 and 1987-2016. The panel on the right shows the difference between the two periods. Grid-cells with non-significant changes (90% confidence level) are shown in grey.

Fig. 7 Annual (top panel) and seasonal (bottom panel) averages of total effective precipitation (EFFPRE) in two 30-year period of 1957-1986 and 1987-2016. The panel on the right shows the difference between the two periods. Grid-cells with non-significant changes (90% confidence level) are shown in grey.

Fig. 8 Annual (top panel) and seasonal (bottom panel) averages of water requirement (WREQ) in two 30-year period of 1957-1986 and 1987-2016. The panel on the right shows the difference between the two periods. Grid-cells with non-significant changes (90% confidence level) are shown in grey.

Fig. 9 Temporal trends in annual (top panel) and seasonal (bottom panel) total potential evapotranspiration (PET) in 1957-1986 and 1987-2016. Grey areas show non-significant trends. Panels on the right represent the difference between the slope of trends in two 30-year periods.

Fig. 10 Temporal trends in annual (top panel) and seasonal (bottom panel) total effective precipitation (EFFPRE) in 1957-1986and 1987-2016. Grey areas show non-significant trends. Panels on the right represent the difference between the slope of trends in two 30-year periods.

Fig. 11 Temporal trends in annual (top panel) and seasonal (bottom panel) water requirement (WREQ) in 1957-1986and 1987-2016. Grey areas show non-significant trends. Panels on the right represent the difference between the slope of trends in two 30-year periods.

Fig. 12 The percentage of regions with annual, scasonal, and monthly significant trends for potential evapotranspiration (PET), efctive precipitation (EFFPRE), and water requiremnent (WREQ) in two 30-year periods.


[1]	Abbaspour K C, Faramarzi M, Ghasemi S S, et al. 2009. Assessing the impact of climate change on water resources in Iran. Water resources research, 45(10), doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007615

[2]	Allen R G, Pereira L S, Raes D, et al. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/X0490E00 .

[3]	Bandyopadhyay A, Bhadra A, Raghuwanshi N S, et al. 2009. Temporal trends in estimates of reference evapotranspiration over India. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 14(5):508-515.

[4]	Beyazgül M, Kayam Y, Engelsman F. 2000. Estimation methods for crop water requirements in the Gediz Basin of western Turkey. Journal of Hydrology, 229(1-2):19-26.

[5]	Bouwer L M, Biggs T W, Aerts J C J H. 2008. Estimates of spatial variation in evaporation using satellite-derived surface temperature and a water balance model. Hydrological Processes, 22(5):670-682.

[6]	Brouwer C, Heibloem M. 1986. Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Water Needs. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 102.

[7]	Burn D H, Hesch N M. 2007. Trends in evaporation for the Canadian Prairies. Journal of Hydrology, 336(1-2):61-73.

[8]	Chattopadhyay N, Hulme M. 1997. Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87(1):55-73.

[9]	Dai A. 2011. Drought under global warming: a review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2(1):45-65.

[10]	Dastane N G. 1974. Effective Rainfall in Irrigated Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 62.

[11]	Dinpashoh Y, Jhajharia D, Fakheri-Fard A, et al. 2011. Trends in reference crop evapotranspiration over Iran. Journal of Hydrology, 399(3-4):422-433.

[12]	Entekhabi D, Reichle R H, Koster R D, et al. 2010. Performance metrics for soil moisture retrievals and application requirements. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11(3):832-840.

[13]	Espadafor M, Lorite I J, Gavilán P, et al. 2011. An analysis of the tendency of reference evapotranspiration estimates and other climate variables during the last 45 years in Southern Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 98(6):1045-1061.

[14]	Evans J, Geerken R. 2004. Discrimination between climate and human-induced dryland degradation. Journal of Arid Environments, 57(4):535-554.

[15]	Eyshi Rezaei E, Webber H, Gaiser T, et al. 2015. Heat stress in cereals: Mechanisms and modelling. European Journal of Agronomy, 64:98-113.

[16]	Feng S, Fu Q. 2013. Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics, 13:14637-14665. http://www.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-14637-2013http://www.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-14637-2013

[17]	Fu Q, Feng S. 2014. Responses of terrestrial aridity to global warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119:7863-7875.

[18]	Gu G, Adler R F. 2015. Spatial patterns of global precipitation change and variability during 1901-2010. Journal of Climate, 28(11):4431-4453.

[19]	Harris I, Jones P D, Osborn T J, et al. 2014. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-the CRU TS3.10 Dataset. International Journal of Climatology, 34(3):623-642.

[20]	Hartmann D L, Tank A M K, Rusticucci M, et al. 2013. Observations:Atmosphere and surface. In: Climate change 2013 the physical science basis:Working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,159-254.

[21]	Hobbins M T, Ramirez J A, Brown T C. 2004. Trends in pan evaporation and actual evapotranspiration across the conterminous U S: paradoxical or complementary? Geophysical Research Letters’ Hydrology and Land Surface Studies, 30(13): L13503, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019846.

[22]	Hosseinzadeh T P,Shifteh Some'e B, Sobhan Ardakani S. 2013. Time trend and change point of reference evapotranspiration over Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 116(3-4):639-647.

[23]	Irmak S, Kabenge I, Skaggs K E, et al. 2012. Trend and magnitude of changes in climate variables and reference evapotranspiration over 116-yr period in the Platte River Basin, central Nebraska-USA. Journal of Hydrology,420-421:228-244.

[24]	IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.

[25]	Jung M, Reichstein M, Ciais P, et al. 2010. Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply. Nature, 467:951-954.

[26]	Kendall M G. 1975. Rank Correlation Methods. London: Griffin, 160.

[27]	Karamouz M, Torabi S, Araghinejad S. 2004. Analysis of hydrologic and agricultural droughts in central part of Iran. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 9:402-414.

[28]	Kashani M H, Ghorbani M A, Dinpashoh Y, et al. 2016. Integration of Volterra model with artificial neural networks for rainfall-runoff simulation in forested catchment of northern Iran. Journal of Hydrology, 540:340-354.

[29]	Keshavarz A, Ashrafi S, Hydari N, et al. 2005. Water allocation and pricing in agriculture of Iran. In: National Research Council Committee on US-Iranian Workshop on Water Conservation and Recycling. Water Conservation, Reuse, and Recycling:Proceeding of an Iranian American Workshop. Washington: National Academies Press,153-172.

[30]	Khalili K, Tahoudi M N, Mirabbasi R, et al. 2016. Investigation of spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in Iran over the last half century. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 30(4):1205-1221.

[31]	Liang L, Li L, Liu Q. 2010. Temporal variation of reference evapotranspiration during 1961-2005 in the Taoer River basin of Northeast China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150(2):298-306.

[32]	Lobell D B, Hammer G L, Chenu K, et al. 2015. The shifting influence of drought and heat stress for crops in northeast Australia. Global Change Biology, 21(11):4115-4127.

[33]	Madani K. 2014. Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis? Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4(4):315-328.

[34]	Madhu S, Kumar T V L, Barbosa H. 2015. Trend analysis of evapotranspiration and its response to droughts over India. Theor Appl Climatol, 121:41-51.

[35]	Mann H B. 1945. Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society,245-259.

[36]	McCabe G J, Wolock D M. 2015. Increasing Northern Hemisphere water deficit. Climatic Change, 132:237-249.

[37]	Miri M, Azizi G, Khoshakhlagh F, et al. 2016. Evaluation statistically of temperature and precipitation datasets with observed data in Iran. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering, 10(35):40-50.

[38]	Nattagh N. 1986. Agriculture and regional development in Iran. Outwell: Middle East and North African Studies Press,112.

[39]	Oki T, Kanae S. 2006. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science, 313(5790):1068-1072.

[40]	Patwardhan A S, Nieber J L, Johns E L. 1990. Effective rainfall estimation methods. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 116(2):182-193.

[41]	Prăvălie R, Bandoc G. 2015. Aridity variability in the last five decades in the Dobrogea region, Romania. Arid Land Research and Management, 29(3):265-287.

[42]	Prăvălie R. 2016. Drylands extent and environmental issues. A global approach. Earth-Science Reviews, 161:259-278.

[43]	Prăvălie R, Bandoc G. 2019. Cristian Patriche, and Troy Sternberg. Recent changes in global drylands: Evidences from two major aridity databases. Catena, 178:209-231.

[44]	Prăvălie R, Piticar A, Roșca B, et al. 2019. Spatio-temporal changes of the climatic water balance in Romania as a response to precipitation and reference evapotranspiration trends during 1961-2013. Catena, 172:295-312.

[45]	Prăvălie R, Sîrodoev I, Patriche C, et al. 2020. The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Romania. A country-scale assessment based on the relationship between climatic water balance and maize yields in recent decades. Agricultural Systems, 179: 102767, doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102767.

[46]	Rahimi J, Bazrafshan J, Khalili A. 2013. A comparative study on empirical methods for estimating effective rainfall for rainfed wheat crop in different climates of Iran. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 45(3):6-8.

[47]	Raziei T, Daneshkar Arasteh P, Saghfian B. 2005. Annual rainfall trend in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. In:ICID 21^st European Regional Conference. Frankfurt (Oder) and Slubice-Germany and Poland.

[48]	Raziei T, Daryabari J, Bordi I, et al. 2014a. Spatial patterns and temporal trends of precipitation in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 115(3-4):531-540.

[49]	Raziei T, Mofidi A, Santos J A, et al. 2012. Spatial patterns and regimes of daily precipitation in Iran in relation to large-scale atmospheric circulation. International Journal of Climatology, 32(8):1226-1237.

[50]	Roderick M L, Greve P, Farquhar G D. 2015. On the assessment of aridity with changes in atmospheric CO₂. Water Resources Research, 51(7):5450-5463.

[51]	Saboohi R, Soltani S, Khodagholi M. 2012. Trend analysis of temperature parameters in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 109(3-4):529-547.

[52]	Sadeghi S H, Peters T R, Amini M Z, et al. 2015. Novel approach to evaluate the dynamic variation of wind drift and evaporation losses under moving irrigation systems. Biosystems Engineering, 135:44-53.

[53]	Sanaee-Jahromi S, Depeweg H, Feyen J. 2000. Water delivery performance in the Doroodzan irrigation scheme, Iran. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 14:207-222.

[54]	Scheff J, Frierson D M. 2014. Scaling potential evapotranspiration with greenhouse warming. Journal of Climate, 27(4):1539-1558.

[55]	Seneviratne S I, Corti T, Davin E L, et al. 2010. Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 99(3-4):125-161.

[56]	Shadmani M, Marofi S, Roknian M. 2012. Trend Analysis in Reference Evapotranspiration Using Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s Rho Tests in Arid Regions of Iran. Water Resources Management, 26(1):211-224.

[57]	Sheffield J, Wood E F, Roderick M L. 2012. Little change in global drought over the past 60 years. Nature, 491(7424):435-438.

[58]	Sherwood S, Huber M. 2010. An adaptability limit to climate change due to heat stress. PNAS, 107(21):9552-9555.

[59]	Shi H, Li T, Wei J. 2017. Evaluation of the gridded CRU TS precipitation dataset with the point raingauge records over the Three-River Headwaters Region. Journal of Hydrology, 548:322-332.

[60]	Song Z W, Zhang H L, Snyder R L, et al. 2010. Distribution and trends in reference evapotranspiration in the North China Plain. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 136(4):240-247.

[61]	Tabari H, Marofi S, Aeini A, et al. 2011. Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration in the western half of Iran. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(2):128-136.

[62]	Tabari H, Aeini A, Talaee P H, et al. 2012. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of reference evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Hydrological Processes, 26(4):500-512.

[63]	Talaee P H, Some'e B S, Ardakani S S. 2014. Time trend and change point of reference evapotranspiration over Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 116:639-647.

[64]	Tavakol A, Rahmani V, Quiring S, et al. 2019. Evaluation analysis of NASA SMAP L3 and L4 and SPoRT-LIS soil moisture data in the United States. Remote Sensing of Environment, 229:234-246.

[65]	Thomas A. 2000. Spatial and temporal characteristics of potential evapotranspiration trends over China. International Journal of Climatology, 20(4):381-396.

[66]	Trenberth K E, Dai A, van der Schrier G, et al. 2013. Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change, 4:17-22.

[67]	Vicente-Serrano S M, Azorin-Molina C, Sanchez-Lorenzo A, et al. 2014. Sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration to changes in meteorological parameters in Spain (1961-2011). Water Resources Research, 50(11):8458-8480.

[68]	Walter M T, Wilks D S, Parlange J, et al. 2004. Increasing evapotranspiration from the conterminous United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5(3):405-408.

[69]	Wang Y, Jiang T, Bothe O, et al. 2007. Changes of pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration in the Yangtze River basin. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 90(1-2):13-23.

[70]	Webber H, Martre P, Asseng S, et al. 2017. Canopy temperature for simulation of heat stress in irrigated wheat in a semi-arid environment: A multi-model comparison. Field Crops Research, 202:21-35.

[71]	Webber H, White J W, Kimball B A, et al. 2018. Physical robustness of canopy temperature models for crop heat stress simulation across environments and production conditions. Field Crops Research, 216:75-88.

[72]	Wu D, Fang S, Li X, et al. 2019. Spatial-temporal variation in irrigation water requirement for the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system since the 1980s on the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 214:78-86.

[73]	Xu C, Gong L, Jiang T, et al. 2006. Analysis of spatial distribution and temporal trend of reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in Changjiang (Yangtze River) catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 327(1-2):81-93.

[74]	Yue S, Pilon P, Phinney B, et al. 2002. The influence of autocorrelation on the ability to detect trend in hydrological series. Hydrological Processes, 16(9):1807-1829.

[75]	Zaninović K, Gajić-Čapka M. 2000. Changes in components of the water balance in the Croatian lowlands. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 65(1-2):111-117.

[76]	Zhang K, Kimball J S, Nemani R R, et al. 2015. Vegetation greening and climate change promote multidecadal rises of global land evapotranspiration. Scientific Reports, 5: 15956, doi: 10.1038/srep15956.

[77]	Zhang X, Kang S, Zhang L, et al. 2010. Spatial variation of climatology monthly crop reference evapotranspiration and sensitivity coefficients in Shiyang river basin of northwest China. Agricultural Water Management, 97(10):1506-1516.

[78]	Zhang Y, Peña-Arancibia J L, McVicar T R, et al. 2016. Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components. Scientific Reports, 6: 19124, doi: 10.1038/srep19124.

[79]	Zhang Y, Liu C, Tang Y, et al. 2007. Trends in pan evaporation and reference and actual evapotranspiration across the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112(D12): D12110, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008161.

[80]	Zheng B, Chenu K, Fernanda Dreccer M, et al. 2012. Breeding for the future: what are the potential impacts of future frost and heat events on sowing and flowering time requirements for Australian bread wheat (Triticum aestivium) varieties? Global Change Biology, 18(9):2899-2914.

[81]	Zheng B, Chapman S C, Christopher J T, et al. 2015. Frost trends and their estimated impact on yield in the Australian wheatbelt. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(12):3611-3623.

[1]	WANG Min, CHEN Xi, CAO Liangzhong, KURBAN Alishir, SHI Haiyang, WU Nannan, EZIZ Anwar, YUAN Xiuliang, Philippe DE MAEYER. Correlation analysis between the Aral Sea shrinkage and the Amu Darya River[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(7): 757-778.

[2]	Reza DEIHIMFARD, Sajjad RAHIMI-MOGHADDAM, Farshid JAVANSHIR, Alireza PAZOKI. Quantifying major sources of uncertainty in projecting the impact of climate change on wheat grain yield in dryland environments[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(5): 545-561.

[3]	Sakine KOOHI, Hadi RAMEZANI ETEDALI. Future meteorological drought conditions in southwestern Iran based on the NEX-GDDP climate dataset[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(4): 377-392.

[4]	LI Hongfang, WANG Jian, LIU Hu, MIAO Henglu, LIU Jianfeng. Responses of vegetation yield to precipitation and reference evapotranspiration in a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(4): 477-490.

[5]	Mohsen SHARAFATMANDRAD, Azam KHOSRAVI MASHIZI. Evaluation of restoration success in arid rangelands of Iran based on the variation of ecosystem services[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(11): 1290-1314.

[6]	Faraz GORGIN PAVEH, Hadi RAMEZANI ETEDALI, Brian COLLINS. Evaluation of CRU TS, GPCC, AgMERRA, and AgCFSR meteorological datasets for estimating climate and crop variables: A case study of maize in Qazvin Province, Iran[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(12): 1361-1376.

[7]	WANG Jinjie, DING Jianli, GE Xiangyu, QIN Shaofeng, ZHANG Zhe. Assessment of ecological quality in Northwest China (2000-2020) using the Google Earth Engine platform: Climate factors and land use/land cover contribute to ecological quality[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(11): 1196-1211.

[8]	Hushiar HAMARASH, Rahel HAMAD, Azad RASUL. Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(11): 1212-1233.

[9]	Maryam MOSLEHI JOUYBARI, Asgahr BIJANI, Hossien PARVARESH, Ross SHACKLETON, Akram AHMADI. *Effects of native and invasive Prosopis* species on topsoil physiochemical properties in an arid riparian forest of Hormozgan Province, Iran**[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(10): 1099-1108.

[10]	Nirmal M DAHAL, XIONG Donghong, Nilhari NEUPANE, Belayneh YIGEZ, ZHANG Baojun, YUAN Yong, Saroj KOIRALA, LIU Lin, FANG Yiping. Spatiotemporal analysis of drought variability based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(5): 433-454.

[11]	JIA Wuhui, YIN Lihe, ZHANG Maosheng, ZHANG Xinxin, ZHANG Jun, TANG Xiaoping, DONG Jiaqiu. Quantification of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration along a semi-arid wetland transect using diurnal water table fluctuations[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(5): 455-469.

[12]	MU Le, LU Yixiao, LIU Minguo, YANG Huimin, FENG Qisheng. Characterizing the spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and aridity index in mid-western China from 2001 to 2016[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(12): 1230-1243.

[13]	Mansour A FOROUSHANI, Christian OPP, Michael GROLL. Spatial and temporal gradients in the rate of dust deposition and aerosol optical thickness in southwestern Iran[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(1): 1-22.

[14]	Durdiev KHAYDAR, CHEN Xi, HUANG Yue, Makhmudov ILKHOM, LIU Tie, Ochege FRIDAY, Abdullaev FARKHOD, Gafforov KHUSEN, Omarakunova GULKAIYR. Investigation of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement in the lower Amu Darya River Basin, Central Asia[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(1): 23-39.

[15]	Sanim BISSENBAYEVA, Jilili ABUDUWAILI, Assel SAPAROVA, Toqeer AHMED. Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(1): 56-70.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed